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1、2Keywords for this lecturenAcademic integritynAcademic dishonestynReferencingnIn-text citationsnReference listnNumeric referencing systemsnVancouver3Keywords for this lecturenPlagiarismnCommon knowledgenCollusionnCollaborationnDuplicationnParaphrasingnSummarising4Aims of this lecturenTo explore the
2、process of reading effectivelynTo explore the process of reading criticallynTo examine the concept of academic integritynTo relate this to final year projectsnTo describe and examine plagiarism5Aims of this lecturenTo demonstrate the ways in which you can avoid plagiarismnPutting academic integrity
3、into practicenUnderstanding referencingnNumeric referencing; Vancouver 6Effective readingnGeneric principles-nSelect a suitable amount of textnE.g. short journal articlenStage 1nRaise questions in advance and think of keywords you are looking fornWhat do you hope/expect to find?nNote down these ques
4、tions & keywordsnAnticipation means you read with more focusnThis is the first step to active reading7Effective readingnStage 2n1st reading: Skim the text for general meaningnOnly take very brief notes at this stage, if anynUse a pencil to mark difficult passagesn2nd reading: Scan the text for the k
5、eywords/particular topics you noted at Stage 1 + your marked passagesn3rd reading: Read for detailnNow go back over the text carefullynRead each paragraph/section in detailnTake selective notes, capturing some detailnBecause you have carried out a skim and a scan read already, the read for detail st
6、age is more effective8Effective reading for sciencenSome students may find the skim-scan-read for detail process difficult to implement with scientific writingnMaterial with a high incidence of formula, data, scientific expressions and specialised vocabulary may be difficult to read quicklynThere ar
7、e further anticipatory processes that can be tried in advance of, or as an alternative to, skim-scan-read for detail9Effective reading for sciencen1.Reading in contextnScientific papers tend to follow a standardised structurenThere may be some variation within this for some sectionsne.g. the extent
8、and position of acknowledgements within the papernBut the core sections are usually as follows-10Effective reading for sciencenThe main structure of scientific papers:nAbstractnIntroductionnLiterature ReviewnMaterials and MethodsnResultsnDiscussion11Effective reading for sciencenIn your reading, you
9、 can work with the kind of information you will find in each sectionnAnticipating the type of discussion in each section allows you to read for context, and read more effectivelynIn short, you know what you are looking for12Effective reading for scienceSectionContextAbstractGlobal view of text-conci
10、se summaryIntroductionKey aims of research; main hypothesis; key discussion of specific papers that shape the researchLierature reviewOverview of literature and research13Effective reading for scienceSectionContextMaterials and methodsMainly practical rather than evaluativeResultsClearly, what was e
11、stablishedDiscussionA rich evaluation and conclusion, often thematically organised. Will focus on alternative hypotheses & interpretations 14Effective reading for sciencenFrom this table, it is clear that a careful preliminary reading of the abstract, introduction and discussion would prepare the re
12、adernFollowing this with a skim-scan-read for detail approach may now be effective15Effective reading for sciencen2.Working with abstractsnThe abstract is a crucial aspect of any scientific papernWithin the scientific community, the abstract alone is often used to evaluate and utilise texts within a
13、 research fieldnRe Final Year Projects, “This section should be as concise as possible, and should include everything that you particularly want the reader to know. The problem should be stated, and the main findings and conclusions should be included in the same order as in the report.” (1) i.e. th
14、e abstract encapsulates the whole argument of the textnGiven the nature of an abstract, its clear that a quick but careful preliminary reading of the abstract alone will allow for successful reading of the whole paper16Effective reading for sciencenIts possible to take an even more strategic approac
15、h to using abstractsnIsolate each statement in the abstractnPerhaps use colour/highlighter to identify them?nMatch these against the whole paper, identifying which section of the text relates to each part of the abstractnFor example, you can colour-code paragraphs to show which part of the abstract
16、they relate to17Effective reading for sciencen3. Reading strategically - headings & paragraph deconstruction Headings:nAs well as the main sections outlined above, scientific papers will also be organised by headings, subheadings and paragraphsnHeadings and sub-headings follow the general direction
17、of the argumentnThey follow a sequence of hypothesis test - results - discussionnUse these headings strategicallynFor example, use them as a parallel process to construct your notesnUnder each heading put down a few summary points to summarise that section of the text18Effective reading for scienceP
18、aragraph deconstructionnLook at each paragraph strategicallynWithin academic writing, paragraphs tend to have na. A topic sentence (the central idea of the paragraph) nb. Explanation & evaluation of the topic sentence nc. Evidence that supports the explanation and evaluationnAs you read each paragra
19、ph, try and place the information into these three areas19Paragraph activitynLloyd, D and Hanawalt, P.C (2000)nLook at sample paragraphnRepeat process for following paragraph20Critical readingnIt is always important to take a (constructively) critical stance to all your readingnYou should always exp
20、ect papers and texts to conform to the principles of academic integritynHypotheses should always be properly tested; results discussed and a conclusion reachednBut there may well be alternative ways of presenting researchnAlternate interpretations may well be possible!21Critical readingnCommon Mista
21、kes in presenting/preparing Final Year Dissertations:n “Not being critical enough. Both of previous researchers work and of yours. A good literature review and discussion is reliant on your ability to discuss, make comparisons and critically analyse previous researchers work. You should also be able
22、 to recognise shortcomings in your work and suggest how youd approach the same issue differently next time” (6)22Critical readingnThere is no magic solution to developing critical readingnContinuous practice, and a willingness to adopt a critical mind-set , will helpnYou might like to consider how y
23、ou can foster this mind-set by using a template for taking notes23Critical reading a notes templatenConsider the following headings n1. Source informationnFor accurate referencingn2. Key pointsnYour wordsn3. Quotations/information directly from source materialn4. Key data/formula etcn5. Summary of r
24、esults/discussion/conclusionn6. Alternative interpretation of results/discussion/conclusion24Critical reading a notes templatenThe advantages of adopting this kind of template are as follows:nIt puts all your notes in a standard formatnComparison (and critical comparison) of sources is easier, there
25、forenSeparating your words and source material means you are less likely to fall into the plagiarism trapnHaving a section in which you always record alternative interpretations/explanations helps foster a critical mind-set25BREAKn5-10 mins26Final year projectsnExtensive piece of written worknFive f
26、ormsbut all have in common-nFocus on originality, independent evaluation and quality of researchnInformed by 80 / 100 sourcesnMarks to be gained for presentationnFollowing a formal academic stylenCorrect referencing proceduresn“For each section markers will consider both content (extent, relevance a
27、nd understanding of information) and general presentation (e.g. clarity of style, figures, tables, referencing” (1) 27Academic assessmentnAll academic assessment requires basic honestynYou must demonstrate what you know fairlynAll work is your own, except where you are required to collaborate with o
28、thersnAcademic assessment also relates specifically to academic integritynThis is especially relevant for written work drawing on other sourcesne.g. essays; projects; dissertations 28What is academic integrity?n”Academic integrity means the attitude of approaching your academic work honestly, by com
29、pleting your own original work, attributing and acknowledging your sources when necessary and not relying on dishonest means to gain advantage.” (2)nImplementing academic integrity means taking an evidential approach29The evidential approach to academic writingnAll academic writing should be informe
30、d by reading and researchnIn the case of a short piece of work, this might be one key sourcenWith longer pieces, e.g. a laboratory project report, this could be multiple sourcesnThe sources that you use must always be evidenced, i.e. “attributed and acknowledged” (2)nYou must provide information tha
31、t shows nThe author(s)nThe year the source was published/availablenThe full titlenFor books & websites, where it can be found, i.e. URL, or place of publication/publisher 30Common knowledgenCommon knowledge = generic information that is widely understood to be truenIt is not part of a specific acade
32、mic/scientific argument or hypothesis -nThough it may form some of the underlying principlesnCommon knowledge does not need referencing in the same way a source doesnDont confuse common knowledge with sources31Common knowledgeExamples -nThe Battle of Hastings took place in 1066nBut a scholarly accou
33、nt of the outcome of this battle, and the consequences for 11th Century Britain, is not common knowledgeit would be a referenced source32Common knowledgeExamples cont.:nThe Periodic TablenBut a discussion of Mendeleevss work and significance is not common knowledgeit would be a referenced sourcenThe
34、 Matrigel Invasion Assay as a widely used protocol in Cell BiologynBut an account of how this protocol had been modified for a particular process is not common knowledgeit would be a referenced source33The evidential approach to academic writingnIf you provide this information, and show where you us
35、e sources in your writing, you show that:nAll sources used can be accurately traced by another scholarnThey can follow-up your argumentnYou have achieved transparency and honestynYou demonstrate your work is your own worknYou demonstrate your sources are used properly 34Further reasons for “attribut
36、ing and acknowledging your sources” (2)nEffective use of sources structures your argumentnYou fulfil assessment criteria and maximise your gradenYou demonstrate the breadth and relevance of your reading and researchnMarking criteria for Essay and Written Assignments (3, 4)n70-100% (Excellent) iv Sho
37、ws evidence of having read relevant literature and is able to use this effectively. Accurate citing of references.35Further reasons for “attributing and acknowledging your sources” (2) cont.n60-69% (Good) iv Shows evidence of having read some of the relevant literature and is able to use this in the
38、 answer. References cited.n50-59% (Satisfactory) iv May show evidence of having read some relevant literature but generally fails to demonstrate understanding of it or to use it correctly in the answer. 36Key termsnIn “attributing and acknowledging your sources” (2) there are several key termsnRefer
39、encingnThe whole process of embedding sources effectivelynIn-text citationnThe point in your text where you draw from your sources + say what they arenReference listnA complete list of references that gives full details for all your sources; at the end of your main textnYou need to understand & use
40、these processesnFailure to do so can result in plagiarism!37Plagiarismn“Plagiarism is defined as the act of reproducing the ideas, discoveries and written work of others and passing them off as ones own” (1,3,4)nPlagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty, thereforenPlagiarism can involve significan
41、t amounts of material: nWhole passages from other writing that are passed off as your ownnTables/charts/diagrams/figures that appear to be your own worknUnattributed results from other research 38PlagiarismnIt can involve relatively small amounts of material:nE.g. mosaic plagiarism nThe amount of ma
42、terial is not in itself significantnBoth large-scale and minor plagiarism are academic offences, and will be punished!nThe disciplinary process is rightly! severenZero coursework marknMeeting with HoDnProblems with personal references/career progression (1,3,4)39Academic dishonesty and sciencenThere
43、 is a particular need to observe academic integrity and avoid plagiarism in sciencen“Honesty in reporting data and ideas is an essential tenet of the scientific world” (1)nWhere malpractice occurs:nUnfair career advantage may be gainednFunds for research may be misappropriatednWhere malpractice is r
44、evealed: nFurther research based on the compromised material will be damagednReputations are tarnishednCareers are damagednFunds for e.g. medical advances may be removed40Academic dishonesty and sciencenNote that malpractice includes using fraudulent data, as well as stealing others worknFraudulent
45、data = nData wholly or partially made up (fabricated)nData tweaked to support a result or hypothesisnInconvenient/contradictory data that is removed to support a result or hypothesis41Academic dishonesty and sciencenExample - fabricationnInvolves J.Subdo, Norwegian Radium Hospital, OslonA paper in T
46、he Lancet on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cancer has been retractednResearch carried out by Subdo appears to have been fabricatednThe authors career has been severely damaged (5) 42PlagiarismnPlagiarism can be intentionalnE.g. collusion; buying an essay from an on-line essay-ba
47、nknVery often plagiarism is unintentionalnE.g. Bad practice in note-taking where you confuse words, information and data from your source material with your own wordsfragments of unacknowledged material pop up in your writing, mixed with your own language (mosaic plagiarism)43PlagiarismnBad practice
48、: where plagiarism occursn“Direct copying” (1,3,4) of any materialnMissing in-text citationsnUnacknowledged paraphrasingnUnacknowledged summariesn“Unattributed reproduction of tables and figures” (1,3,4)nCollusionnDuplication44PlagiarismnGood practice: ways to avoid plagiarismn“Direct copying” (1,3,
49、4)nAny actual words from source material that you use must be accompanied by an in-text citation, and a reference in the reference listnThey must appear as a quotationnException: words and phrases that are common knowledgenMake sure your assignment notes separate your words, and the words of your so
50、urcesn(In scientific writing, how often do you need to use an actual quotation?)nMissing in-text citationsnWherever your writing has a direct engagement with your sources, an in-text citation must appear, and a reference in the reference list45PlagiarismnUnacknowledged paraphrasingnWhere you express