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1、Describing Academic Writing CourseContentsDefinition of Methodology1Questionnaire Designing2Elements in Methodology Section3Writing Exercises4What is Methodology?1. the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and
2、 principles associated with a branch of knowledge;2. the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline; 3. the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline;4. the study or description of methods -WikipediaData Collecti
3、on Methods?Qualitative Methodsobservationin-depth interviewquestionnaire with open-ended questionsdocument reviewQuantitative Methodsexperimentstructured interview(face-to-face; telephone; computer-assisted)questionnaire with closed questions(paper-pencil; mailed; web-based)What is a questionnaire?l
4、a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondentsla data-gathering device that elicits from a respondent the answers or reactions to pre-arranged questions presented in a specific orderla series of questions asked to
5、 individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topicla group of printed questions used to collect information from the people who answer them (usually called respondents)lThe questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.Question Types?Closed-ended questionsopen-ended quest
6、ionsOpen questionsClosed questionsElicit “rich” qualitative dataElicit quantitative dataEncourage thought and freedom of expressionCan encourage mindless repliesMay discourage responses from less literate respondentsAre easy for all literacy levels to respond toTake longer to answer and may put some
7、 people offAre quick to answer and may improve your response rateAre more difficult to analyze responses can be misinterpreted.Are easy to code and analyzeAdvantages and Disadvantages?P51Steps to design a questionnaire?1. Decide the information required.2. Define the target respondents.3. Choose the
8、 method(s) of reaching your target respondents.4. Design the questions.5. Put questions into a meaningful order and format.6. Check the length of the questionnaire.7. Pre-test the questionnaire.8. Develop the final survey form.P51Develop the question wordingDecide on question content.Practice making
9、 a questionnaireWork in small groups in an attempt to design a questionnaire to obtain information about students attendance and reasons for their absence from class.What is methodology section about?lprovides the information by which a studys validity is judged. lanswers two main questions: 1) How
10、was the data collected or generated? 2) How was it analyzed? lThe writing should be direct and precise and written in the past tense.What included?Para.ContentsElements12345Investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan341 medical students in the Depar
11、tment of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical programChung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, ChinaTwo questionnairesThe questionnaire was given to the medical students. The faculty questionnaire was given to 20 teac
12、hers.The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program.P40-41Research objectiveResearch subjects or ParticipantsResearch locationMaterials ProceduresStatistical analysisThe questionnaire to the students includes 5 sections with 23 questions:ldemographic informationlimportance of English in colle
13、ge and professional careerslperceived language skill needs and problemslthe activities needed in a freshman language courselsuggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information.Questionnaires to the students and the faculty?The questionnaire to the faculty w
14、ith 16 questions in 4 sectionsP42What may be included in methodology section?P451) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topic sentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things tested;3) Location: where the study took place;4) Restrictio
15、n/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques: describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials: describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Procedures: State the steps of the experiment in a chronological o
16、rder;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined. 3 Writing PracticeKeys for reference3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.1. A total of 369
17、participants (52.7% female) of European origins with a mean age of 27.2 were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montreal region.2. The data used for the current analysis consist of 60 texts taken from 20 engineering journals.3. Experimenters approached potential participants by
18、 introducing themselves as students from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions. 4. The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing evidence of teaching effectiveness in tertiary education.subjec
19、tsmaterialsprocedureoverviewP455. The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests of reliability and significance using SPSS.6. Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business manager of each union. In the envelope, there were a cover letter explai
20、ning the project, a questionnaire, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business managers were contacted and asked to select workers from their unions to finish the questionnaire.7. The participants were 90 first-year students from the School of Foreign Languages at a major university in Nanjin
21、g. Their average age was 18. They constituted a convenience sample.8. The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a research center for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.data analysisprocedure and materialssamplingresearch locationVoice used in methodology
22、 section?2.1.1 Go over the reading passage in 1.2 and mark the verbs in the passive voice and complete the following table:Information elementsVerbs in the passive voiceResearch objectiveMaterialsProcedureData analysiswas initiatedwere translated, piloted and modified;were given to; was gatheredwere
23、 developed; were sent to; were given towere computer-analyzed; were determined; were conducted2.1.2 Rewrite the following paragraph with the passive voice.P432. Language focus the passive voiceSome people consider poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plan
24、t causes a rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pills or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin
25、, blisters and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.Poison ivy infection is considered by some people to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. A rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days is caused by contact with the plant. Poison ivy infection has
26、been studied by scientists for centuries, but no preventive pills or inoculation has been found. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After the skin is touched by urushiol, the exposed area will soon be covered by blisters and weeping.2. Language focus2.2 Sequential markers a cer
27、tain group of items, mainly adverbs and preposition phrases, that link sentences together into a larger unit of discourse.1. They can indicate chronological order, or order of importance: first secondly thirdly to begin with next to conclude2. They can add to or reinforce what has already been said:
28、 furthermore in addition what is more also3. They can indicate that two propositions have equal status: likewise similarly4. They can indicate cause-effect relationships: consequently so as a result therefore5. They can indicate that a given proposition contradicts an earlier one: conversely on the
29、contrary by contrast6. They can indicate concession: nevertheless in any case7. Sometimes a distinction is made between external and internal sequencers: first of all then finally can indicate chronological sequence (external) or order of importance (internal)The following sentences describe the pro
30、cess of making paper. Use sequential markers to rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.1. The logs are placed in the shredder.2. They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3. The mixture is heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4. It is chemically bleached.5. It is pas
31、sed through rollers to be flattened.6. Sheets of wet paper are produced.7. The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.P442. Language focusKeys for referenceFirstly, the logs are placed in the shredder. Then, they are cut into small ch
32、ips and mixed with water and acid. After that, the mixture is heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned. It is also chemically bleached. Later, it is passed through rollers to be flattened. Then sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are press
33、ed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. 1)_ (问卷调查实施) after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. The 136 students who enrolled in a managerial ac
34、counting course 2)_ (完成了这份问卷). 3)_ _(表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息). As was shown, the majority of participants were male. 4)_ (参与者的平均年龄约29岁), 5)_ (平均工作年限约6年).3.2 Complete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.The questionnaire was administeredcompleted the questionnaireBackground informatio
35、n about these participants was presentedThe mean age of the participantswas approximately 29 years oldthe year of working experience was six on the averagein Table 23 Writing PracticeP46aThe data were rank-ordered from the lowest X value of 1.2 to the highest of 3.8.bThe SD scores showed to what ext
36、ent the leaders agreed among themselves when judging the gravity of each other.cThe survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire, in which the errors appeared in a random order.dThe assessors were instructed to view each error in its context and determine to what extent it deviated from normal E
37、nglish.eThe questionnaire included the context in which each error had occurred and a marking scale ranging from 0 for “no error” to 5 for “the most severe error”.fAfter scoring, the assessors were given the option to write down the principles that guided them in their scoring.gThe scores were compu
38、ted into mean averages (X) and standard deviations (SD).hUnless otherwise indicated, the numerical data in the text referred to the mean average scores.iThe higher the SD score was, the more diverse the assessors opinions were regarding the gravity of the item.3.3 Reordering sentencesP473.4 Rewritin
39、g sentences1. Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their Ll language backgrounds which are represented.Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their Ll language backgrounds represented.2. Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officers and b
40、usiness employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.Two questionnaires administered respectively to the personnel officers and business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.3. The scores
41、of the two raters were averaged and all the data were entered for statistical analysis.The scores of the two raters were averaged and entered for statistical analysis.3 Writing Practice4. The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006 Test package, which was originally
42、 developed by the Morrison Research Institute. The model used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006 Test package, originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute.5. Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on the Stanford Achievement Test as th
43、e measure. Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule, using scores on the Stanford Achievement Test as the measure.6. Having explained the directions, the students began to write. The directions having been explained, the students began to write.7. The schedule was in effect for only
44、 1 year, with students achieving better results. Students achieved better results, although the schedule was in effect for only 1 year. (put the main idea in the main clause)8. The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll and found that three students were absent. After
45、 putting the assignment on the board, the teacher found by checking the roll that three students were absent.9. School administrators who are interested in making changes, that are not too expensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions. Many school admi
46、nistrators seem interested in making only simple and inexpensive changes because they have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions. (avoid inserting long modifiers between the subject and the verb)10. One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that are designed to
47、 achieve the savings that are important to all people is the reluctance of those individuals to make large capital investment. Many people are reluctant to install solar energy systems because of the large capital investment required. (avoid using subordinate clauses that modify other subordinate cl
48、auses)3.5 Turning notes into a passageA taste test was conducted to determine students preferences and attitudes toward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Ten people, five male students and five female students, from Science English class 1 were chosen at random to participate in
49、the test. The materials used were thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and two containers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the United States. One container held four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar. The other container held four cups of orange Kool-aid sweetened with 9
50、 packets of Nutrasweet brand artificial sweetener. The steps included in the test were as follows. Ten volunteer students were chosen, five male students and five female students. They were placed into two lines, one for the males and the other for the females. Alternately, men and women completed t