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1、A Man Said to the UniversevA man said to the universe: vSir I exist!“vHowever, replied the universe, vThe fact has not created in me vA sense of obligation. v - Stephen CranevCold, indifferent, and essentially Godless world I. American Naturalismpessimistic realism/ determinismv1. Backgroundv1) The
2、emergence of “Modern America”vIndustrialism and science and the new philosophy of lifecreate the economic, social, and cultural transformations of the countryv2) New ideas about man and mans place in the universe began to take root in America.vDarwin: evolution; Spencer: social evolutionvThe surviva
3、l of the fittest & the human beastv3) the change of the literary climatevRealists : too old French naturalismv2. Representatives: Stephen Crane, Norris and Theodore DreiserDefinition vNaturalism is the attempt to achieve fidelity to nature by rejecting idealized portrayals of life. In literature nat
4、uralism may be further defined as a technique of presenting an objective view of man or a mode with complete accuracy and frankness. Naturalistic writers hold that mans existence is shaped by heredity and environment, over which he has no control. Novels and plays in this movement, emphasizing the a
5、nimal nature of man, portray characters engrossed in a brutal struggle for survival. Emile Zola, founder of the French school of naturalism, held that a novelist should dissect and analyze his subjects with dispassionate and scientific accuracy. Representative writers of naturalism are Theodore Drei
6、ser, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene ONeill, and William Faulkner.II. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬克兰 (1871-1900)vMajor Worksv1893: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎玛琪first A. naturalistic workv1895: The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章(war novel)& The Black Riders 黑衣骑士v ( book of poems)v 1898: The Open Boat and Otherv Sto
7、ries海上扁舟v A precursor of Imagist poetryIII. Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯(1870-1902)vMajor WorksvMcTeague麦克提格（1899） the manifesto of A. naturalismvA trilogy on the production, distribution, and consumption of wheat:v The Octopus 章鱼(1901）v The Pit 粮食交易所（1903）v The Responsibilities of the v Novelist 小说家的责任v The
8、odore Dreiser v 西奥多德莱塞v (1871-1945)Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)vBorn in Indiana, poor.vFirst novel Sister Carrie (1900) was rejected for its relentless honesty in presenting the true nature of American life.vIt is in Dreisers works that American naturalism is said to have come of age.vLeft-oriented-
9、visited Russia and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928) and Tragic America (1931)joined the Communist Party. vA controversial figure powerful in portrayal of the changing American life, but his style is considered crude. vLed the rebellion of the 1920s, and the revival of naturalism in the 1930s ent
10、hroned Dreiser as the guide and pioneer for the latter-day naturalistsMajor worksvSister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹(1900) vJennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘(1911) vThe Financier 金融家 (1912)vThe Titan 巨头 (1914)vThe Stoic 斯多葛 (1947) vCowperwood trilogy， also called “Trilogy of Desire”欲望三部曲欲望三部曲): （about the life of Cowperwood as
11、a businessman）vThe Genius 天才(1915) v An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧(1925) vThe Bulwark 堡垒(1946) V. Other Authors of the Periodv1. Edwin Arlington Robinson 埃德温阿灵顿罗宾逊(1860 1935)2. Jack London (1876 1916)v3. O. Henry(1862 1910)vGenre American Author Perceived the v individual as. vRomantics Ralph Waldo Emerson a godvRealists Henry James v William Dean Howells simply a personv Mark TwainvNaturalists Stephen Crane /Frank Norris a helpless objectv Theodore Dreiser