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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流高级英语修辞格 (1)【精品文档】第 7 页1. 明喻（simile）是用like, as, as.as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： （1）O my loves like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。（2）He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。（3）The man cant be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。as long as its
2、broad半斤八两；结果一样 as clear as crystal清如水晶 2. 暗喻/隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 （1）He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。（2）The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 （3）The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。英语中有许多数词习语和俚语，主要用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。(1)A hundre
3、d to one it will be a failure.这件事极可能失败。 (2)He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。 to teach fish to swim班门弄斧 to plough the sand白费力气 a square peg in a roun d hole不适宜担任某一职务的人between the devil and the deep sea进退两难。 3. 提喻（synecdoche）主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分；或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象；以特殊代表一般，或用一般代表特殊。例如： （1）The Great Wall wa
4、s made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲） （2）“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.” 他说这是世界上最美的语言。 这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。 （3）Many eyes turned
5、 to a tall,20year black girl on the US team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。 这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。（4）He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。（5）The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。（6）He is the Newton of this century. 他是这个世纪的牛顿。4. 转喻（metonymy）是用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系
6、密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。 例如：His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。（2）The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。（3）He succeeded to the crow
7、n in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。（4）The pen is mightier than the sword.（5）例子Uncle Sam（ 山姆大叔）-the United States（美国） Fleet Street（舰队街）-the British press（英国报界） the Pentagon（五角大楼）-U.S Defence Department （美国国防部） Foggy Bottom（雾谷）-U.S. State Department （美国国务院） Hollywood（好莱坞）-American film-making industry （美国电影制片业，电
8、影界） 10，Downing Street（唐宁街10号）-the residence and office of the British prime minister（英国首相官邸） Ivan（伊万）-the Russian people（俄罗斯人民）5. 拟人（personification）把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。 例如：（1）My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。（2）This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。（3）The flowers nodded to
9、 her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。（4）The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。（5）My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. 我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。 英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。6.委婉 (euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如：用to fa
10、ll asleep; cease thinking; pass away; go to heaven; leave us 代替 to die用senior citizens代替old people用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil用weight watcher代替 fat people用mental hospital 代替 madhouse或者 asylum用emotionally disturbed代替mad用washroom, mens / womens room代替 lavatory用 handicapped代替 cri
11、ppled用low income brackets阶层; underprivileged; disadvantaged 代替 poor people7. 夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。 （1）My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。 （2）When I told our father about this,his heart burst. 当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。 （3） My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughters voi
12、ce on the phone. 从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。8.反语/讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。（1）Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。 店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。as welcome as a storm象欢迎暴风雨一样受 欢迎（实则“不得人心”）；as s
13、lender in the middle as a cow in the waist腰细如牛（实际是“腰粗如 牛”）。as clear as mud9. 双关语（pun）用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。（1）A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。(arms可指手臂或者武器)（2）Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一
14、个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow.10. 通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。 （1）Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。 书是“尝
15、”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。11. 拟声（onomatopoeia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。 （1）On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。 （2）She brought me into touch with everything that could be reache
16、d or feltsunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。12. 头韵法（alliteration）两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如：（1）proud as a peacockblind as a batsafe and sound（2）Long and loudly little
17、Lily laughed. 小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。（3）The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。（4）The sun sank slowly. 太阳慢慢地下沉。13. Parody（仿拟）-“I was brought up rich.” -“Yeah,” I said, “You were born with a Cadillac in your mouth.” to be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth Where there is a will, there is a la
18、wsuit. 有遗嘱必有官司。Modern journalism justifies its own existence by the great Darwinian principle of the survival of the vulgarest. 【Oscar Wilde】 the survival of the fittest现代的新闻工作，以“最庸俗者生存”的伟大的达尔文式的原则来为自己的存在辩护。To Lie Or Not To Lie- The Doctors Dilemma【To be, or not to be: that is the question. Hamlet】1
19、4. 矛盾修饰 (oxymoron) 把相互矛盾的两个词用在一起的修辞方法。它利用词义表面的相互矛盾使表层的不和谐统一在思想内容的深层，从而揭示事物对立统一的本质特征，达到加深印象的目的。例如：（1）She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. 她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。（2）The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.教练为了对他的受训者仁慈就要对他们残酷。（3）During his useful life he often felt he was usel
20、ess. 在他大有作为的一生中他老是感到自己无用。（4）其他还有sweet pain; thunderous silence; luxurious poverty; heavy lightness; living death; impossible hope 等等。15. 轭式搭配 (zeugma) 把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。例如：（1）She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她对那无家可归的男孩打开了房门，也敞开了胸怀
21、。（2）As I left home after breakfast, I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly. 早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。（3）I would my horse had the speed of your tongue. 我希望我的马能有你的舌头的速度。16. 移位修饰(transferred epithet) 将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如：（1）There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。（2）The old man
22、 put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。（3）He closed his busy life at the age of sixty. 在六十岁时他结束了他那忙碌的一生。（4）This is the cheapest market in this country. 这是这个国家最便宜的市场了。17. 渐进 (climax) 根据事物的逻辑关系，由小到大，由轻到重，由浅到深，由低到高，由少到多依次渐进地进行描述或论述。这种整齐的结构可以使人们的思想认识一层层深化提高，增强语言的感染力和说服力。例如：（1）I came;
23、I saw; I conquer. 我来了；我看到了；我征服。（2）Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实；交谈使人机智；写作使人精确。（3）Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞咽者，更有少数须消化咀嚼者。（4）Lincoln recognized worth in the common people
24、; he loved the common people; he fought for the common people; and he died for the common people. 林肯认识到平民大众的价值；他热爱平民大众；他为平民大众而斗争；他为平民大众而献身。18 Anticlimax 突降On his breast he wears his decorations , at his side a sword . on his feet a pair of boots .The duties of a soldier are to protect his country an
25、d peel potatoes .19对照法（antithesis） antithesis词意为opposition，即有意将意义相反的词句平行或平衡地排列起来，以表示对立概念的修辞手法。它可以深刻揭示和暴露事物间的对立和矛盾，在读者头脑里形成强烈的反差，借此突出作者要表达的意图。用对照法写出的句子，有的语言非常简练，声韵和谐，不仅是语言的享受，更具文学内涵的品位。例如： 1.Man proposes, God disposes. (谋事在人，成事在天。) 2.The old think before they do while the young think after they do.(老
26、年人先想后做，年轻人先做后想。） 3.Success makes men proud; failure makes them wise.(成功使人自豪；失败使人聪明。） 4.Positive thinkers think and talk continually about solutions, and negative thinkers continually talk and think about problems. Keep your mind solution-focused rather than problem-focused.（积极的思想者不懈地考虑和讨论解决方案；消极的思想者
27、不停地讨论和考虑疑难问题。请多加留神解决方案，少去在意疑难问题。） 20 Rhetorical question 反问 How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note ?Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered ?21 Paradox 隽语貌似矛盾 其实意味深长More haste , less speed .The child is the father to the man从小看老,三岁看大.22平行（Paral
28、lelism) 平行是指在一个句子或一组句子中重复使用相同的或相似的话语结构，即词、短语、从句等保持平行，使句子有平衡感、节奏感和清晰感。例如： There is a strange cycle in my family I am afraid of father, father is afraid of mother and mother is afraid of me. 23. 低调陈述 ( Understatement) 低调陈述与夸张正好相反。 “Dont you figure out that I might have had something to do with it?” sa
29、id Soapy, not without sarcasm, but friendly, as one greets good fortune. (O. Henry: The Cop and the Anthem) “难道你看不出我可能跟这事有关吗？”苏比说，口气不是没有讥讽，但态度却友好，仿佛一个要交好运的人。 此例是以双重否定体现understatement，not without sarcasm就是with sarcasm（语带讥讽）It was no small feat to harness the energies of an entire nation for a united
30、show of hospitality and good will for visitors from around the world.把整个国家的能量调动起来，对来自世界各地的访问者表现出一致的好客和友好，这不是小事情。The face wasnt a bad one; it had what they called charm. (John Galsworthy) 面孔不算难看，有一般人所称的妩媚。 此句不是冲淡她的魅力，而是采用低调渲染，意即The face was sweet; her charm conquered everybody. 明似贬抑，实则褒扬。24、Allusion
31、用的是援引典故典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语作为喻体间接提及本体的修饰手法，其特点是不注明来源和出处，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。如： GrammarmaybehisheelofAchilles.语法是他的大弱点。用希腊神话中的勇士Achilles的heel【Achilles除了脚踵处身上其他地方刀枪不入】引喻“弱点”。*Theprojectisaneconomicalbatrossfromthestart.这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的古舟子咏中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾难中。)Sugarcandiesarewrappedinthewhitetowel;hewaskind-heartedinspiteofpoverty.羊肚子手巾包冰糖，虽然人穷好心肠。（用用陕北人头上包的whitetowel比喻poverty，用Sugarcandies比喻kind-hearted）