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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流懂你英语L4U2【精品文档】第 11 页懂你英语L4-Unit2 1 Extinction EventsLevel4 Unit2 1 ListeningExtinction EventsThe Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didnt appear until around 2 billion years ago. Until about 580 millio
2、n years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth. In an extinction event many life
3、 forms, or species of life, die out. The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries. These events are not predictable and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions. Events like these can change the global conditions
4、 that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago. That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of event
5、s. A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for
6、many months. Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed. This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life. In fact, some extinc
7、tion events have helped to accelerate evolution. For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldnt compete. When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully. Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state. Without extinc
8、tion events, perhaps we wouldnt be here today.Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years. They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of asteroids or vol
9、canic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities. Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer. As a result, sea levels a
10、re rising and weather patterns are changing. In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals. Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening. Species of life are disappearing at a
11、n increasing rate. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future. If we dont act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs. (This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 1 VocabularyBody SystemsTh
12、e bodys circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins. (The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich bloodfrom the heart are called arteries.)The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.
13、 Its supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair. After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body. (The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)The nervous system includes the brain,spinal cord and nerves. This is you
14、r bodys control system. It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive system. (The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs. It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. The lungs a
15、re where oxygen enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works. If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.Great DiscoveriesThe controlled us
16、e of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates. Fire provided light so that people could work andsocialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food andsettle into communities. By growing food, people could spend less time hunting, and more
17、time for other things such as art. (With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.)The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work. By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing. The
18、 strength of animals such as horses andoxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficientmanufacturing and construction. With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs. (The use of machines has re
19、duced the number of people needed to make things.)The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications. With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances. (Science and engineering have changed the way
20、we communicate with each other.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 DialogueSmartphone AddictionI took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didnt go anywhere.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no
21、 interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I havent done that in a long time.You know what?Im beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you cant live without one, right?Yes, thats the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complainin
22、g to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.what happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.Its a bit ironic, dont you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just
23、a minute. Ive got a message on my smartphone, and it cant wait.Rude BossHey, wake up and get back to work.Whats wrong with you?Im on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If youre going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it wont happen again.It had
24、 better not.Just a minute.Dont talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you dont have to treat people like that.Well, if you dont like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. Ive had enough of you.Ill get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.)(The empl
25、oyee treats the manager respectfully.)懂你英语L4-Unit2 2PointofviewLevel4 Unit2 Part2 ListeningPoint of viewThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand. The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple. We cant see which it is because we cant see inside the box. The probability that it is an oran
26、ge is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple, and it may be an orange. Its got to be one or the other. It cant be anything else.Now lets look at it from the mans point of view. From his point of view, the probabilities are different. From his point of view, the probability
27、that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. Thats because he knows what he has. For him there is no uncertainty. If he has an orange, the probability is 100%. If he doesnt have an orange, the probability is 0%. He either has it or he doesnt.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 5
28、0%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on your point of view.People see things from different points of view. This often leads to arguments between people. Here are some examples. From this mans point of view, he is relaxing. He ne
29、eds to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasnt been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently. She isnt aware of how hard he has been working. From her point of view, he is doing nothing. However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. It isnt fair that she has to
30、 work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions. These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 VocabularyDisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth. When the earth shakes, bui
31、ldings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy. Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside an engine. A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by pe
32、ople doing foolish things or by not being careful. One major cause of accidents is driving too fast. Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or Ebola. Throughout history epidemics have killed million
33、s of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain. Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires. Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities.ReligionsFollowers o
34、f the Islam religion are called Muslims. These Muslims are praying inside a mosque. Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived more than 2000 years ago. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god. Ch
35、ristians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews. These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the middle east. Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they be
36、lieve is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old. Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the worlds third most popular religion and is t
37、he main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs. Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 DialogueMissing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we dont. The only informa
38、tion we have is that it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared.Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasnt anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident t
39、hat we will find it.Its a large aircraft so it shouldnt be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search?Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.Its a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take?Yes, its a big area, s
40、o it might take a long time.But we wont give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No,
41、they still havent found the black boxes.Its hard to believe they still dont know what happened.Perhaps theyll never know, especially if they dont find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.懂你英语L4-Unit2 3Level4 U
42、nit2 Part3 ListeningAlcatrazAlcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge. Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction. Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often a
43、ppeared in movies, including Escape from Alcatraz which was made in 1979. One reason its famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison. It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape. It was a maximum security prison, so escape was
44、 almost impossible. The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934. There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers. They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas. Duri
45、ng that trip, there was heavy security. The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed. Nobody wanted them to escape.The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners. However, the average population was only about 270. Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the i
46、nmates were not well-known. Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent. If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring. It was desi
47、gned to teach prisoners to follow rules. They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned. Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library. There were also activities such as painting and
48、music. Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years. During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully. There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners. Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed. Two men tried to escape twice. Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumed drowned. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when six prisoners tried to escape. That event is called the Battle of Alcatra