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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流Fast Reading 汇总.【精品文档】第 34 页Part II Reading (skimming and scanning) (15 minutes)Directions：In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For question 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）,B）,
2、C）,and D）.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Passage One Beauty and Body Image in the MediaImages of female bodies are everywhere. Womenand their body partssell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger,
3、 taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Womens magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, theyll have it allthe perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.Why are standards of beau
4、ty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And its no ac
5、cident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure theyre all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Womens Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to
6、be dealt with.The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90 t
7、o 95% of dieters regain the lost weight).On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.The American research group Anorexia Nervosa
8、 & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight controlincluding fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Wome
9、ns Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influen
10、ces on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 5
11、0 to 70 per cent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way.Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs
12、 we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.”Unattainable BeautyPerhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions,
13、for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea ( 慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition.
14、Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll.Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences.
15、In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.The Culture of ThinnessResearchers report that womens magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of wom
16、ens magazines include at least one message about how to change a womans bodily appearanceby diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery.Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a womans worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the femal
17、e characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?”), and 80 per cent of these negative comments are followed by canned audien
18、ce laughter.There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck ( 抵制，反抗) the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chtelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years
19、 of age. In Madrid, one of the worlds biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women
20、s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.EthicsAnother issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstre
21、am Womens Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to 2004. Self-Improvement or Self-Destruction?The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “o
22、rdinary” women that they are always in need of adjustmentand that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real womens bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbou
23、rne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industrys standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action
24、 that might help to change that climate.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答。1. Womens magazines are full of articles to urge women to _.A) eat less sweet food C) marry a rich husband B) lose weight D) have at least two kids2. The cosmetic and diet product industries gain profits by _.A) exaggerating the goodness ab
25、out their products B) targeting at children and femalesC) presenting an ideal image difficult to achieveD) distributing free samples from home to home3. Canadian Womens health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls _.A) at age 5 or 6 C) at age 13 or 14B) at age 9 or
26、10 D) at age 16 or 174. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that _ percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight.A) 35 to 50 C) 50 to 70B) 50 D) 905. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would _.A) suffer from heart disease C) live a more rewarding lifeB) be very
27、 popular with males D) die from malnutrition6. Television and movies emphasize that a womans worth can be judged by _.A) the cosmetics she uses C) the thinness of her bodyB) the jewelry she wears D) the wealth of her husband7. Spain has recently undergone a project to _.A) include full-sized women i
28、n its fashion magazinesB) standardize clothing sizesC) ban ultra-thin models from the runwayD) promote weight loss among men8. In mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to 2004, _ were overrepresented.9. Jean Kilbourne concludes that many women judge themselves by _.10. The focus on _ destroys any aw
29、areness and action that might help to change the trend.1. B 2. C 3. A. 4. C 5. D 6. C. 7. B 8. over all white women 9. the beauty industrys standards10. beauty and desirability Passage II. Time Off from Work Gains in ImportanceAmerican workers are saying they need a break. As their number of hours c
30、locked on the job has crept higher, more time off has become a bigger priority. In the past few years, human resources experts say time off has consistently placed among the top three employee concerns, along with compensation and staffing levels, whereas it used to be farther down the list. In a S
31、poll taken online in November 2004, 39% of workers said if given the choice, they would choose time off over the equivalent in additional base salary. Of course, most of the 4,600 respondents are still opting for the bigger paycheck, but the desire for time off is up almost 20% from just three years
32、 ago when S conducted a similar poll.The reasons for this shift are many and varied. Some have to do with the way a new generation is thinking about work, while others are driven by how companies are responding to recent economic pressures.A New GenerationThe results may in part represent the needs
33、of a new breed of workers. The average American is working one month (160 hours) more each year than a generation ago. According to recruiting and human capital management expert John Sumser, younger workers work for meaning first and money second. He goes on to warn employers that these are the peo
34、ple who are the foundation for the next workforce and they may not buy the existing paradigm (范例). A study released in late 2004 by the New York-based Families and Work Institute concludes that the new brand of young workers is rejecting the work-centric style of their parents generation. The study,
35、 which examines changes in the workforce over the past 25 years, found that younger workers are more likely to be “family-centric” or “dual-centric” (with equal priorities on both career and family) rather than “work-centric” when compared to members of the Boomer Generation.September 11th and the E
36、nd of the Roaring NinetiesThe impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11th cut across all age groups of the workforce. We collectively entered a new era, reevaluating lifes priorities and making changes in our attitude toward time spent at work versus hobbies and family. “I started looking at t
37、hings completely differently. Ive been far less willing to put in the 14-hour days necessary to get noticed and climb the corporate ladder,” said Tony Jackson, a 43-year-old employee of a New York City-based financial services company. “Frankly, I cant see that changing.”Even before September 11th,
38、some experts say the slow shift in worker attitudes was already underway due to the end of the roaring 1990s, when hours were long and significant personal wealth was created. For those who fared well financially, some opted for careers of contract work where they could call more of the shots pertai
39、ning to (与有关的) time off, or new occupations with greater personal rewards. For others, even if their bank accounts were not spilling over from Americas economic heyday (全盛时期), their own energy had been depleted due to unrelenting (毫不松懈的) years of work hours and high stress. They were ready for somet
40、hing less taxing.Families and Work Institute President and co-founder Ellen Galinsky agrees. She says the S poll numbers show evidence of an increase in need for time off and a shift in thinking due to the fact that workers have been pushed to their limit in recent years. “This new generation of wor
41、kers is at the edge of how long they can work. It just feels like too much. They are not slackers (懒虫); they just dont want more,” says Galinsky.Monetary Needs Less Intense Due to Dual Income Households“Weve decided we prefer to have more time to ourselves,” says Carol Kornhaber, a New England softw
42、are programmer in her late twenties. Kornhaber and her husband are both working but have sought out jobs where they are not pressed to put in long hours. Instead, they have insisted upon eight-hour days and having enough vacation time to travel, a major interest they share. Financial pressures are e
43、ased by both of them working and keeping a careful watch on their expenses. “We are lucky in a lot of ways to have found bosses who understand our needs.”BurnoutTrying to squeeze more productivity out of workers may be nothing new, but it has become particularly acute in recent years. This has been
44、due in large measure to recession-induced layoffs and other trends such as the rising cost of healthcare benefits. After a layoff, workers who remain behind are often asked to pick up most or even all the load of the people who were let go, requiring more and more hours at the office. As new corpora
45、te initiatives are planned, the inverse is also true. As Sumser observes, “the additional workload, which runs across the economy from the office worker to the manufacturing line, seems to be a function of the cost of benefits. The regulations make it cheaper to add workload for existing employees t
46、han to hire new players.” The Families and Work Institute reports that nearly one third of U.S. employees often or very often feel overworked or overwhelmed by how much work they have to do. Nearly three out of four report that they frequently dream about doing something different from their current
47、 job.Show Me the MoneyOverworked or not, the majority in the S poll still chose to fatten their paycheck if given the choice. For many, it was a practical matter. Says Peggy Jones, an accountant in a Boston area business services company, “I already get three weeks a year that I cant use up because
48、Im so busy. Id definitely go for the extra money to pay some bills or make a big purchase Ive been holding off on.” For Jones, the realities of running a household and saving up for college for her children simply need to take precedence over extra free time.Companies Are Already RespondingTo many human resources experts it is inevitable that, given the growing health of the economy and the upcoming population-driven labor shortages as the Boomer Generation moves into retir