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1、精品资料2000_考研英语历年真题及答案解析.2016考研英语一真题及答案完整版SectionUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his par
2、ents and his friends, _1_ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can _2_ a likely spouse on his own andthen ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young mansparents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in theselection. 4, a girl may ve
3、to the spouse her parents have chosen. 5aspouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, _ 7 _ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.
4、Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and _ 8 _ prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony the brides and grooms wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily in with the wifes parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but
5、not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each sprouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry 20
6、 the woman must wait ten months.1.Aby way ofBon behalf of Cas well as Dwith regard to2.Aadapt to Bprovide for Ccompete with Ddecide on3.Aclose Brenew Carrange Dpostpone4.AAbove all BIn theory CIn time DFor example5.AAlthough BLest CAfter DUnless6.Ainto Bwithin Cfrom Dthrough7.Asince Bbut Cor Dso8.Ac
7、opy Btest Crecite Dcreate9.Afolding Bpiling Cwrapping Dtying10.Apassing BlightingChiding Dserving11. Ameeting Bcollection Cassociation Dunion12. Agrow Bpart Cdeal Dlive13. Awhereas Buntil Cif Dfor14. Aobtain Bfollow Cchallenge Davoid15. Aisolated Bpersuaded Cviewed Dexposed16. Awhatever Bhowever Cwh
8、enever Dwherever17.AchangedBbrought CshapedDpushed18.AwithdrawnBinvestedCdonatedDdivided19. Abreaks Bwarms Cshows Dclears20.Aso Bwhile Conce Din that Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical b
9、eauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runaways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. T
10、hey suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal i
11、t sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should loo
12、k to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model
13、 that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying
14、 to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashio
15、n Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run b
16、y the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particu
17、lar industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?ANew runways would be constructed.BPhysical beauty would be redefined.CWebsites about dieting would thrive.DThe fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on” (Line2, Para.2) is closest in meaning toAheighte
18、ning the value of.Bindicating the state of.Closing faith in.Ddoing harm to.23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?ANew standards are being set in Denmark.BThe French measures have already failed.CModels are no longer under peer pressure.DIts inherent problems are getting worse.24
19、. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forApursuing perfect physical conditions.Bcaring too much about models character.Cshowing little concern for health factors.Dsetting a high age threshold for models.25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?AA Challenge to the Fash
20、ion Industrys Body IdealsBA Dilemma for the Starving Models in FranceCJust Another Round of Struggle for BeautyDThe Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2 For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Brit
21、ons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of na
22、tural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hills pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes
23、more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing“off-plan” building where local people might object. The con
24、cept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. It
25、s Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties. The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents StirlingAckroyd recently identified enough sites for half
26、 a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby p
27、ressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges
28、 and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones? Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europes most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, w
29、hile still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternativethe corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britains public sentiment about the countryside_Ad
30、idntstart till the Shakespearean age.Bhas brought much benefit to the NHS.Cis fully backed by the royal family.Dis not well reflected in politics.27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being_Agradually destroyed.Beffectively reinforced.Clargely overshadowed.Dpro
31、perly protected.28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?ALabour is under attack for opposing development.BThe Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.CThe Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.DUkip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author
32、holds that George Osbornes preference_Ahighlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.Bshows his disregard for the character of rural areas.Cstresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.Dreveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciat
33、ion of_Athe size of population in Britain.Bthe political life in todays Britain.Cthe enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.Dthe town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist “That is, to u
34、se its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Fiedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary va
35、lue for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm ,This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spe
36、nding as a “signal” that a companys products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a companys products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes is helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers
37、and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americas Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not c
38、onsume a companys products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensiveCSR programmes tendedto getmore lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms po
39、litical influence, rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a com
40、panys record in CSR. We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials, says one researcher.Researchers adm
41、it that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least have demonstrated that whencompanies
42、get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR with A tolerance B skepticismC uncertaintyDapproval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a companyAl winning trust from consumers. B guarding it
43、 against malpractices.C protecting it from being defamed.D raising the quality of its products.33.Theexpression more lenient (Line 2, Para. 4)is closestin meaning toAl more effective.B less controversial.C less severe.D more lasting.34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a companys CSR recordAl has a
44、n impact on their decision.B comes across as reliable evidence.Cincreases the chance of being penalized. D constitutes part of the investigation.35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph ?Al Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.BThenecessaryamount
45、of companiesspending on it is unknown.C Companies financial capacityforithasbeenoverestimated. D Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text 4 There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “So
46、metime in the future “the papers publisher said back in 2010. Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ,theres plenty of incentive to ditch print .The infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers -printing presses .delivery truck -isnt just expensive ;its excessive at a time when online-only competition dont have the same set financial constraints . Readers are migrating away from print away,And although print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts revenue from print is still declining. Overhead may be high and circulation lowe ,but rush