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1、学习必备欢迎下载十大词性、句子成分分析、五大基本句型及句子类型讲解与练习一、新课导入个体名词集体名词普通名词物质名词1. 名词抽象名词专有名词功能：表示人或事物的名称人称代词：主格宾格（注意 it 的用法）物主代词：形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词指示代词： this, that, these, those 单数： myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself 反身代词：复数： ourselves, yourselves, themselves 2. 代词疑问代词： who, whom, whose, what, which. 简单不定代
2、词：One/ones, Either/neither, both/all, each/ every another, other, the other, others, the others 复合不定代词：somebody, anybody, nobody 不定代词someone, anyone, no one something, anything, nothing everybody, everyone, everything 功能：用来代替名词、形容词或数词等3. 数词：基数词序数词功能：表数量或顺序4. 冠词：定冠词不定冠词零冠词/ 功能：用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物表地点：
3、 at/ in/ on/ to, above/ over/ on, below/ under/ underneath . 表时间：in/ on/ at, in/ after, from/since from, after/ behind, 5. 介词：表运动：across/ through/ over/ pass表方位： . 其他功能：用在名词、代词等前面，说明句子中词与词之间的关系6 形容词：平级、比较级、最高级可数名词不可数名词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载功能：用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的
4、特性、性质7. 副词：平级、比较级、最高级功能：用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作或形状的特性并列连词： and/ both/ or/ not onlybut also, but/however/ yet/ still/ while8. 连词：从属连词 : if/ unless, because/as/ since, although/though功能：用来连接词、短语或句子实义动词（vi./vt.）系动词助动词9. 动词：情态动词不定式（ to do）非谓语动词分词 : 现在分词（ -ing ）和过去分词（ -ed ）动名词（ -ing ）功能：表示人或事物的动作或状态10. 感叹词：
5、oh ah well功能：表示说话时的感情或口气课前小测：1.句子成分摸底测试：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载（1）指出下列句子划线部分是句子的什么成分？1)The students got on the school bus. 2)He handed me the newspaper. 3)I shall answer your questions after class. 4)What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5)They went hunting tog
6、ether early in the morning. （2）判断下列句子是简单句并列句还是复合句？1)We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2)The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3)There is a chair in this room, isnt there? 4)My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning. 5)He is in Class One and I am in Cl
7、ass Two. 二：新课讲解：（一）句子成分七种句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、定语、状语、补语、表语等。句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。1 主语（话题 / 主心骨）一句话的主体。英语句子不可或缺的成分，是全句述说的主题。常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。George is a born leader. （名词）Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）Two of us will attend the
8、 conference tomorrow. （数词）The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）What we cant get seems better than what we have. （名词性从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language. (不定
9、式做主语) 总结：正常语序情况下，主语在谓语动词之前。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载2.谓语（动作 / 状态） : 说明主语做了什么动作，干了啥事。位于主语之后。谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。Father cooks very well. He practices running every morning. 复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。My sister has worked in the company for five ye
10、ars. You may keep the book for two weeks. 总结：谓语部分由动词，动词短语或 系表结构构成。3.宾语（被K 的对象主语发出的各种动作都落在宾语身上）及物动词动作的对象和介词所联系的对象。英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。（ 1）单宾语（宾语）可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语） 、从句等 。I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?
11、 （名词、代词）If you put 5 and 7 together, youll get 12, little Tom. （代词）We should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）Remember to tell him to come. （不定式）Please stop making noise. （动名词）Do you understand what I mean? （名词性从句）（ 2）双宾语（直接宾语& 间接宾语）双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。其结构为： 主语+ 及物动词（短语）+ sb. + sth. Plea
12、se tell me how the accident came about. The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer. （ 3）同源宾语少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。同源宾语前面常有修饰语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载laugh a good laugh 大笑blow a heavy blow 沉重的一击smile a swe
13、et smile 甜甜的微笑dream a terrible dream 做了一个恶梦die a brave death 死得英勇live a happy life 过着幸福的生活4.表语（在系动词之后）说明主语是什么样的。 （身份状态特征类属性质等）表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语。His father is an experienced teacher. （名词）She is over fifty, but she doesnt look it. （名词、代词）These students are careful while others are careless. （形容词）The cla
14、ss meeting was over at last. （副词）Be quiet; they are at work now. （介词短语）His hobby is collecting foreign stamps. （动名词短语）My wish is to become a doctor in the future. （不定式短语）The news of her success is really exciting. （现在分词） （已形容词化）That is where your mistakes are. （名词性从句）总结 : 与系动词一起构成谓语。5.定语（商品外包装起修饰作用）
15、定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。（ 1）前置定语可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed 形式等。Many people have helped with (canned) food. （过去分词）Open (your) mouth and put out (your) tongue. （代词的所有格）She cut the cake into (two) pieces. （数词）I want to buy some (coffee) cups. （名词）Put the child i
16、n the (sleeping) bag. （动名词）You should adapt to the (changing) situation. (现在分词 ) （ 2） 后置定语可以充当后置定语的有形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式（短语），动词的 -ing 短语，动词的 -ed 短语，从句等。All people (present at the party) were his supporters. (形容词短语 ) I have got something (interesting) to tell every one of you. (形容词 ) The buildings (around
17、) were badly damaged. (副词 ) The books (on the top shelf) were just bought. (介词短语 ) Let s try another way (to do this). (不定式 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载There is a gentleman (asking to see you). (现在分词短语 ) Most of the people (invited to the party) were famous sci
18、entists. (过去分词 ) He lost his new pen (that was bought last week). (定语从句 ) 6. 状语（商品标签）状语是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，目的，结果，条件和让步等关系。可以充当状语的有副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，形容词，名词和从句。At the news, the mother stood there , greatly surprised. （介词短语、副词、形容词）They held the English party in the open air. （介词短语
19、）Just wait a moment; I am dressing myself. （名词）To hear more clearly, she sat in the front of the classroom. （不定式）Finishing all her homework, she surfed the Internet for a while. （现在分词短语）Seen from the top of the hill, the small city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语）Don t leave here until you work out th
20、e math problem. （时间状语从句）7. 补语补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质，状态等的一种句子成分。名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等皆可以作补足语。宾补：补充说明宾语怎么样了。I saw nobody so I left. （副词）You d better keep the books on the desk. （现在分词）The mother didnt allow her daughter at night. （不定式）The coming exam keeps me . （形容词短语）When he arrived, he found all the
21、 people . （过去分词）主补：补充说明主语怎么样。These things should be kept . （介词短语）He was elected of the company. （名词）句子成分的排序口诀：主在前，谓中间，宾语状语排后面。短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。间接宾语若在后，直、间要用to, for 连。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载宾补谓语宾语后，地状常在时状前。（二） 、五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句
22、型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一、 （主谓）二、 （主系表）三、 （主谓宾）四、 （主谓间宾直宾）五、 （主谓宾宾补）基本句型一： （主谓）主语： 可以作主语的成分有名词（如 boy ） ，主格代词 （如 you ） ，动词不定式， 动名词等。 主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi. ）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词）
23、1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子
24、谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类： be, look, keep, seem精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好 ,sound nice/听起来不错 ,feel good/感觉好，
25、smell bad/难闻 （是系动词）1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干
26、枯了。8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。基本句型三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如： me ，him ， them等 （及物动词）1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He e
27、njoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说： 早上好！ 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give 给， pass 递， bring带， show 显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语； 一个指物， 为直接宾语。 间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为： 动词+ 间接宾
28、语+ 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please. 强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+ 直接宾语+ 介词 + 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语+ 介词 + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载 （及物）（多指人） （多指物）1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She coo
29、ked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。基本句型五： （主谓宾宾
30、补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语： 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词 / 代词宾格+ 名词The war made him a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士. 名词 / 代词宾格+ 形容词New methods make the job easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词 / 代词宾格+ 介词短语I often find him at work. 我经常发现他在工作. 名词 / 代词宾格+ 动词不定式
31、The teacher asked the students to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词 / 代词宾格+ 分词I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物）（宾语） （宾补）1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子
32、无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰
33、语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语（三） 、句子的结构根据对句子结构的划分，英语的句子可以划分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。1.简单句句中只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），句中的各个成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。The class are listening to the teacher carefully. (陈述句 ) Is his brother old enough to join the army? (一般疑问句 ) How many students a
34、re absent today? (特殊疑问句 ) There are few cars in the parking lot, are there? （反义疑问句）Let s put off the meeting till next week. (祈使句 ) How hard these students are working! (感叹句 ) 2. 并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。（ 1）并列句的构成方式用并列连词连接，并列连词的前面可加逗号。Some students are interested in climbing and others a
35、re fond of swimming. We fished all day, but we didnt catch one. It is raining hard, so we have to stay at home. 不用连词而用分号连接Hurry up; its getting late! She tried her best; she failed, however. （ 2）并列句的分类 能够引导由两个或两个以上意思相关的分句构成的并列句的连词有：and 和，而； neither nor 既不 也不；not only but (also) 不仅而且; both and .和都； t
36、hen 然后。The bell rang and the students rushed into the classroom. Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teachers sang songs. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载 可连接两个并列句，含有转折关系的连词有：but但是； yet 然而，可是；while然而； however然而； still但是； whereas然而，而； nevertheless然而。I t
37、hink he wanted to speak, but I did not hear. He worked hard, yet he failed to pass the test. The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list. Some of the students are hardworking whereas some are lazy. 能够引导由含有选择意义的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有：or 或者，否则；otherwise 否则；either or 不是就是Woul
38、d you like a cup of tea, or shall we get down to business right away? Don t drive too fast or you will have an accident. Start right now, otherwise youll miss the first train. 能够引导由表示因果关系的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有：so 所以； for因为； therefore因此。I must be off now, for my sister is expecting me. The bus was crowded,
39、so I had to stand all the way. 2.复合句复合句有一个主句和一个活一个以上的从句构成，主句是句子的主体，从句充当某种句子成分，如：主语，宾语，状语，同位语等，但无论是那种从句都不能独立存在。复合句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。When we will have the meeting is not decided. (主语从句 ) It is well-known that many Americans like to eat Chinese food. （主语从句）Do you know when he ancient games be
40、gan? （宾语从句）That s because he caught a bad cold. （宾语从句）The idea that they would cross Asia was exciting. （同位语从句）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句）I will give her the message as soon as she comes back from the meeting. （时间状语从句）三课堂作业：句子成分划分及句子结构分析( 一)1： A mere hundred species (物种 ) are th
41、e basis of our food supply，of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载be made use of，which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of p
42、lants and animals to enlarge farming areas.(2008全国卷一E 篇) 译文：只有约100 种物种为我们提供食物基础，其中只有20 种承担着供应人类食物的重担。Wilson建议通过调查研究一万种可以被利用的物种来改变这种现状，这样做可以减少人类为了增加耕种面积而开垦动植物的自然家园的做法。解析：第二句是一个含有多层结构的句子。第一层结构：Wilson suggests changing .by looking .。第2 个 which 引导的非限定性定语从句是第二层结构代替changing .use of。另外，that could be made u
43、se of 也是句子的第一层，作定语，修饰species 。第三层结构是不定式to reduce .，它作定语修饰a way 。 第四层结构是不定式to enlarge .，它作目的状语， 修饰 clearing 。根据该句， 文后第 74 题：Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _.答案选 D(use more species for food)。2： This process is also found among scholars and authors： a statement of opinion by on
44、e writer may be restated by another，who may in turn be quoted by yet another； and this process may continue，unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.(2008天津 D 篇) 译文：在学者和作者中，我们也常常会发现这
45、个过程：一个作者陈述的观点有可能会被另外一位作者重述，然后他的重述或许又会被另一个作者引用。这个过程会继续下去，除非有人质疑原作者的观点所根据的事实或者是对原作者对这些事实的解释提出异议。解析：根据标点符号，我们可以确定该句主干是第一句话，即冒号前面的部分。冒号后面的部分是对主句的进一步解释。在该解释中，用分号分隔开两个独立的句子。第一个句子中又用了一个who 引导的非限定性定语从句。第二个句子中用了一个unless 引导的条件状语从句。条件状语从句中it 是形式主语， to question .or to challenge .是真正的主语。它们的宾语分别又有一个定语从句来修饰，即：the
46、facts on which .，the interpretation (that) he placed .。可见，该句是环环相扣，一层套一层。理解了该句，考生才能回答文后第51 题： What can we infer from the passage? 答案是 B(Passive learning may not be reliable.)。二、并列式有时候，一个句子会包含多个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语等，这些并列结构往往有连词连接。在解读这类句式时，要注意利用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。3： The thing I like best about them is that
47、 your money is going to be a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies，and you are not damaging the planet，but finding a new home for unwanted goods.(2008天津 B 篇) 译文：对于它们我最喜欢的是你的钱拿去办好事的，而不是进了营利公司的口袋，你不是在破坏这个地球，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载而是在为
48、那些人们不需要的商品找到一个新的去处。解析：该句表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子：第一个that your money .，第二个句子是you are not .but finding .。 理解了该句， 可以正确解答第40 题： The author loves the charity shop mainly because of_.答案选 C(its spirit of good will)。4： The real attractions of the Hollowell farm to me were its position，being about two miles from the
49、village，half a mile from the nearest neighbor，bounded(相邻 ) on one side by the river，and separated from the highway by a wide field.(2008四川卷 E篇) 译文：霍洛韦尔农场真正吸引我的地方是它的位置，它离村子大约两英里，离最近的邻居半英里，一边临小河，另一边又有一大块宽阔的田野把它与公路隔开。解析：该句主干是“主语+ 系表结构”，从being到句末是position的同位语。理解了该句的主干，便可以回答第52 题： Why did the author deci
50、de to buy the Hollowell place? 该题答案选C(It was in a good position.)。三、插入语式有些句子在中间会用逗号或破折号分开，而处于逗号或破折号之间的内容通常被称为插入语。阅读时， 要先将插入语部分跳过，先读主句，然后再读插入语部分。5： The lack of right male (男性的 ) role models in many of their lives at home and particularly in the school environment (环境 ) means that their peers are the