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1、现在完成时一、现在完成时构成构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (haven t) studied.Have I studied?You have not (haven t) studied.Have you studied?He has not (hasn t) studied.Has he studied?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）
2、Have I not (Haven t I) studied?Yes, you have. No, you haven t.Have you not (Haven t you) studied? Yes, I have. No, I haven t.Has he not (Hasn t he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he has n t.二、现在完成时用法1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。I m sure we ve m
3、et before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。She has arrived. 她到了。2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for , since,yet 等。如：I haven t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。We haven t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。She has been with us since Mon
4、day. for+时段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从 以来）since+时段 +ago since+从句（过去时）It is+时段 +since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 5 页I have lived here since 1998. 注意：since和 for 的区别since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for 后接一段时间，表示“ 长达多久
5、 ” ，如 ten years, a while, two days 等。3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：He has come here for 2 weeks. The old man has died for 4 months. They have left only for 5 minutes. 4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别Have/Has gon
6、e(to) :去了 (现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到) Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago. 5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two d
7、ays ago, just now, when I came in ，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never 等连用。不能与when 连用。现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用例如：She has already come. 她已经来了。I haven t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。Ma Hong has always been a good student.
8、马红一直是个好学生。I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。They have never been to Yan an. 他们从未去过延安。I havent seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。三、现在完成时的标志1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义 : 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 5 页* 以 already, just 和 yet 为标志He has already got her help.
9、他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。* 以 ever 和 never 为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。* 以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。* 以 so far（到目前为止）为标+before He has got to B
10、eijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“ 延续 ” 的特性和 “ 时间 ” 点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。for+时段since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志四、 瞬间动词buy, die, join, come ，go ,leave, join 不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go
11、 out-be out leave -be away begin-be on finish-be over open-be open close -be closed die-be dead 1、have 代替 buy My brother has had(不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用 keep 或 have代替 borrow I have kept(不能用 have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用 be 替代 become How long has your
12、sister been a teacher? 4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用 wear 代替 put on 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 5 页6、用 “be 形容词 ” 代终止性动词bemarried 代 marry beill 代 fall (get) ill bedead代 die be asleep代 fall (get) asleep beawake 代 wake/wa
13、ke up begone 代 lose,die,sell,leave beopen代 open be closed 代 close/shut bemissing(gone,lost)代 lose 7、用 “be 副词 ” 代终止性动词beon 代 start begin “ be up” 代 get up “ be back(to)”代 return to, come back to, go back to “ be here (there)”代 come(arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get) there 8、用 “be 介词短语
14、 ” 代终止性动词1. “ be in/at +地点 ” 代替 go to /come to 2.用 be in the army 代替 join the army 3. “ be in/at +地点 ” 代替 move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been ou
15、t4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up；7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed have been over；11. have married have been married
16、；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth.；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. have lost haven t had16. have put on have worn精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 5 页17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold；18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ hav e been in/have been the Party s member/the league member/the soldier精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 5 页