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1、unit11.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,sin
2、ce an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequen
3、ce that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。当知道了特定的氨基酸分子的实际含量，它们的序列正是生物化学家和分子生物学家特别感兴趣的地方。1,题目：Another striking
4、.答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb2. 乙烯分子带有一个双键，为一种烯烃，它可以通过连锁聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已经广泛应用于许多技术领域和人们的日常生活中，成为一种不可缺少的材料。 Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields
5、of technology and Peoples Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials.Unit31 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements are a
6、mong the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a capillar
7、y tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在实验上可以通过测定体系的任一性质的变化而确定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的测量是这些技术中最准确最敏感的。对许多单体的聚合来说，密度增加了20%-25%。在实际操作中，聚合体系的体积是通过在膨胀计
8、中进行反应测定的。它被专门设计构造了毛细导管，在里面可以对微小体积变化进行高精确度测量。通过膨胀计技术探测聚合过程中万分之几的变化是很常见的。Unti42 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which ar
9、e synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plast
10、ics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on.Unit7Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators for c
11、yclic ethers and lactone polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; for example, epoxides p
12、olymerize readily with cationic and anionic initiators, while fluorocarbon epoxides polymerize exclusively by anionic mechanisms.开环聚合反应只能通过离子机理进行，环醚（的开环）聚合主要通过阳离子机理，而内酯和内酰胺的聚合物是通过阳离子或阴离子机理。对于环醚和内酯型聚合物很重要的引发剂是那些来自于烷基铝和烷基锌/水的体系。应该指出的是（对于）在活性基团附近有取代的单体，只能由单一机理，（这一机理）是在特定条件下的有效操作，例如环氧聚合能用阳离子和阴离子引发剂，然而碳氟
13、环氧化物的聚合只能是阴离子机理。ChineseEnglishMolecular Structure聚丁二烯polybutadiene聚苯乙烯Polystyrene三氯化钛titanium trichloride四氢呋喃Tetrahydrofuran丁基锂butyl lithiumCH3CH2CH2CH2Li异丁烯isobutylene酚钠Phenol sodium氯化钠sodium chlorideNaCl烯丙基AllylCH2=CHCH2光气，碳酰氯phosgeneUnti81 Polymers can be classified into two main groups, addition
14、 polymers and _condensation_ polymers. This classification is based on whether or not the repeating unit of the polymer contains the same atoms _as_ the monomer. The repeating unit of an addition polymer is identical _with/to_ the monomer, while condensation polymers contain _different/less_ because
15、 of formation of _compound/byproduct_ during the polymerization process. The corresponding polymerization processed would then be called addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. As was mentioned earlier, this classification can result _in_ confusion, since it has been shown in later
16、years that many important types of polymers can be _prepared by both addition and condensation processes. For example, polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes are usually considered to be _condensation_ polymers, but they can be prepared by addition as well as by condensation reaction. Similarly, p
17、olyethylene normally considered an _addition_ polymer, can also be prepared by _condensation_ reaction.2. Answer the following questions in English (1) What is chain polymerization? Manyolefinicandvinylunsaturatedcompoundsareabletoformchain-likemacromoleculesthrougheliminationofdoublebond.(2) Which
18、kinds of monomers can carry out step-growth polymerization process?There are two kinds of monomers could carry out step-growth polymerization process. One ispolyfunctionalmonomers and the other isasinglemonomercontainingbothtypesoffunctional groups.(3) What properties of polymers can be based on for
19、 measuring the molecular weight?The molecular weight of polymer could be measured based on colligativeproperties, lightscattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation sedimentation.3. Please write out at least 10 kinds of polymers both in English and in ChinesePolyester聚酯polystyrene,聚苯乙烯polyamide聚酰胺polyp
20、ropylene聚丙稀polyethylene聚乙烯polyurethane聚氨酯polyvinyl alcohol聚乙烯醇Polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯polybutene聚丁烯polyether聚醚4. Please write out at least 10 kinds of monomers both in English and in Chinese and the corresponging chemical structure5 In general，head-to-tail addition is considered to be the predominant m
21、ode of propagation in all polymerizations。However，when the substitutes on the monomer are small (and do not offer appreciable steric hindrance to the approaching radical) or do not have a large resonance stabilizing effect，as in the case of fluorine atoms，sizable amounts of head-to-head propagation
22、may occur. The effect of increasing polymerization temperature is to increase the amount of head-to-head placement。Increased temperature leads to less selective (more random) propagation but the effect is not large. Thus，the head-to-head content in poly (vinyl acetate) only increases from 1.30 to 1.
23、98 percent when the polymerization temperature in increased from 30 to 90 .通常在所有聚合物的链增长中，头-尾加成是主要方式。然而，当单体中的取代基很小（对接近的自由基没有空间阻碍）或没有较大的共振稳定作用，如氟原子，则有相当量的头头增长发生。提高聚合温度的影响是提高头-头排列的量。温度的提高导致较少的选择（更多的无规）增长，但影响不大。因而，在聚乙酸乙烯酯中，当聚合温度由30C提高到90C，头-头含量仅由1.3%提高到1.98%。 2Write out an abstract in English for the te
24、xt in this unitPolymers with different structures present various properties. Usually, polymers are divided into three categories, i.e. plastic, elastomer, fiber with different initial modulus range respectively. Polymers show quite different behaviors due to the different interchain forces in elast
25、omer and fiber. However, with the advent of new techniques and mechanisms to improve the structure of polymers, polymers may be classified and named according to the mechanism, and their properties will largely depend on the structure. 3Put the following words into Chinese entanglement 纠缠 irregulari
26、ty 无规 sodium isopropylate异丙醇钠 permeability渗透性 crystallite 微晶 stoichiomertric balance 当量平衡 fractionation分馏法 light scattering光散射 matrix 基体 diffraction衍射 4Put the following words into English形态 morphology 酯化 esterification 异氰酸酯isocyanate杂质impurity 二元胺 diamine 转化率change ratio 多分散性polydispersity 力学性能mechanical property 构象conformation 红外光谱法infrared spectroscopy常见聚合物命名（1）常见杂链和元素有机聚合物类型Polyamide -聚酰胺. Polyester-聚酯 Polyurethane -聚氨酯 Polysiloxane -聚硅氧烷Phenol-formaldehyde-酚醛 .Urea-formaldehyde-脲醛 Polyureas-聚脲 Polysulfide -聚硫Polyacetal-聚缩醛 Polysulfone (polysulphone)-聚砜 Polyether-聚醚