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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流BTEC商检 吴倩莹 第二份工业化学【精品文档】第 11 页Guangdong Institute of EducationBTEC CenterProgram: HND in Applied Chemistry Unit Title: Industrial Chemistry Unit No: 14 Assignment Title: Sulfonation and Drying Processes in Synthetic Detergents Assignment No.: II Issue Date: May 25, 2010 Submissio
2、n Deadline: June 28, 2010 Assessor/Tutor: Zuoyi Chen and Zhaoxia Deng Internal Verifier: Wei Yin Student:Qianying Wu Students Reg. No: B876546 NOTES TO STUDENTSl Check carefully the submission date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late assignments will not be accepted.l Ensure that yo
3、u give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.l You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.l If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness, you may apply (in writing) for an extension. l Failure to achiev
4、e a PASS grade will results in a REFERRAL grade being given.l Take great care that if you use other peoples work or ideas in your assignment, you properly reference them in your text and any bibliography.l When you refer to the work of other authors in your assignment, you must practice citation by
5、following Harvard System for Referencing.l If you are caught plagiarizing, you could have your grade reduced to zero, or at worst, you could be excluded from the course.STUDENTS DECLARATION:I confirm that this is all my own work.Student Signature: Qianying Wu ASSESSMENTOutcome/SkillCriteriaEvidenceF
6、eedbackAssessPass AssessmentP14.2 Discuss factors affecting the selection of a chemical process for the productP14.2.1 Evaluate the parameters of the chemical reaction which determine the choice of route to the productEvaluate the key parameters of the reaction which determine the choice of sulfonat
7、ion to the linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in manufacturing synthetic detergents (e.g. temperature, acid strength, reaction time, and ratio of oleum-to-alkylate etc.)P14.2.2 Describe and analyse the influence of required post-reaction separation and purification processes Describe and analyse the inf
8、luence of required post-reaction separation and purification processes(e.g. dilution, phase separation, neutralization)P14.2.3 Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the processEvaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the proc
9、ess(e.g. nonlinear/branched alkyl sulfonates)P14.3 Examine physico-chemical aspects of an industrial processP14.3.1 Explain how energetics equilibrium and yield, rates, phase equilibrium and separations influence the selected industrial processExplain the spray-drying process in manufacturing deterg
10、ents forementioned in detail P14.3.2 Describe their impact on resource demands Describe the spray-drying process how to impact on resource demands (e.g. fine detergent particles, the use of dry cyclones)Advanced GradingM1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutionsM1.1 Effective judg
11、ements have been made.M1.2 Complex problems with more than one variable have been exploredM1.3 an effective approach to study and research has been appliedEffective judgements have been made, or complex problems have been explored, oran effective approach has been appliedM2 Select/design and apply a
12、ppropriate methods/techniquesM2.1 Relevant theories and techniques have been applied.M2.2 a range of methods and techniques have been applied.M2.3 a range of sources of information has been used.M2.4 the selection of methods and techniques/sources has been justified.M2.5 the design of methods/techni
13、ques has been justified.M2.6 complex information has been synthesised andprocessed.M2.7 appropriate techniques have been applied.Relevant theories, methods and techniques have been applied and justified, or complex information has been used, or appropriate techniques have been applied.M3 Present and
14、 communicate appropriate findingsM3.1 The appropriate structure and approach has been used.M3.2 coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended audience.M3.3 a range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used.M3.4 communication has
15、 taken place in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.M3.5 the communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used.M3.1 the appropriate structure and approach has been used.M3.3 a range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language ha
16、s been accurately used.D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusionsD1.1 Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified.D1.2 the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria.D1.3 self-criticism of approach has take
17、n place.D1.4 realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success.D1.1 conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified.D1.2 the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria.D2 Take responsibility for managing and o
18、rganising activitiesD2.1 autonomy or independence has been demonstrated.D2.2 substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, managed and organised.D2.3 activities have been managed.D2.4 the unforeseen has been accommodated.D2.5 the importance of interdependence has been recogni
19、sed and Achieved.D2.1 autonomy or independence has been demonstrated.D2.3 activities have been managed.D3 demonstrateconvergent/lateral/ creative thinkingD3.1 ideas have been generated and decisions taken.D3.2 self-evaluation has taken place.D3.3 convergent and lateral thinking have been applied.D3.
20、4 problems have been solved.D3.5 innovation and creative thought have been applied.D3.6 receptiveness to new ideas is evident.D3.7 effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts.D3.4 problems have been solved.D3.5 innovation and creative thought have been applied. Assessors signature: IV
21、agreement: Yes No IV signature: Students Feedback Students signature: Qianying WuNotes:Assignment DescriptionScenarioOriginal soap was an ancient detergent, which was a mixture of melted animal fat or tallow and wood ashes into the clay soil along the Tiber River. The early soap used for treating sk
22、in diseases, as well as for washing. For the sake of improving scourability and enhancing other performance, chemists researched synthetic detergent for soaps substitute.Synthetic detergents are used for household cleaners, such as washing powder, cleanser essence or sanitary ware agent. Certainly,
23、Synthetic detergents are essential for electroplating, metal surface treatment, oil drilling, leather treatment etc. The world production of laundry detergents amounted to 21,500,000,000 kg in 1998. And the worldwide total produced volume remained increasing steadily. A number of undesirable problem
24、s come with largely using of synthetic detergents. For example, phosphates in the ingredients cause eutrophication of water. And some of organic ingredients, such as branched alkyl sulfonates, could not be degraded by bacteria because of the highly branched side chain. Therefore, many important new
25、criterions, the so-called biodegradability of detergents, appeared for surfactants.To achieve the assessment criteria for pass (P14) you must demonstrate the ability to:l Discuss factors affecting the selection of a chemical process for the productl Examine physico-chemical aspects of an industrial
26、processThis can be achieved by completing the following tasks in accord with established guidelines.Tasks1. Describe the flow of sulfonation processes to the alkylbenzene sulfonates in manufacturing synthetic.2. Evaluate the key parameters of the reaction. And describe and analyse the influence of r
27、equired post-reaction separation and purification processes. Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the process. 3. Explain the spray-drying process in manufacturing detergents in details. And describe impact on environment.Questions 1. What is the process of al
28、kylbenzene sulfonate of producing?The process of alkylbenzene sulfonate of producing is first the sulfonation of alkylbenzenes leads to sulfonic acid tyre product, which is then neutralized with a base such as sodium hydroxide to produce sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. The sulfonation reaction is hig
29、hly exothermic and instantaneous. An efficient reactor heat removal system is used to prevent the decomposition of the resultant sulfonic acid. The sulfonation reaction takes place by using oleum (SO3H2SO4) or sulfur trioxide (SO3). Although, the oleum sulfonation requires relatively inexpensive equ
30、ipment, the oleum process has major disadvantages compared to sulfur trioxide. The need for spent acid stream disposal and the potential corrosion owing to sulfuric acid generation increased the problems related to oleum process: The gaseous air or SO3 sulfonation process leads to high yields of sul
31、fonic acid (95% to 98%). This process comprises three major steps. The sulfonation of alkylbenzene with air or SO3 forms the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid and anhydride. The latter is decomposed into the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid by hydration. The neutralization of the sulfonic acid into the correspon
32、ding sodium salt represents the last chemical step in the process of formation of detergents: 2. What are the key parameters of the sulfonation process of the alkylbenzene sulfonate?The key parameters of the sulfonation process of the alkylbenzene sulfonate as follows: l Temperature, l Acid strength
33、,l Reaction time, l Oleum-to-alkylate ratio. The reaction was completed at the digestion stage where the product from the sulfonation zone is aged for 15 to 30 min. The mixture of sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid is diluted with water to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture is sent to a separato
34、r to allow gravity settling of the spent sulfuric acid from the lighter sulfonic acid. The lower spent acid layer contains, approximately, 75% to 80% sulfuric acid. The upper layer contains, approximately, 88% to 91% sulfonic acid and 6% to 10% sulfuric acid.3. How to separate and purify the surfact
35、ant?l Extractionl Crystallization and precipitationUsing the sample components in a component in the difference between Solubility, make some of the components to generate crystals from the solution separated. This ia an effective way to purified material.l Foam chromatography4. How to dry the slurr
36、y of synthetic detergents? And what the thermodynamics and dynamics factors should be taken into account in the unit operation? And what are the impacts of synthetic detergents on resource demand?l Spray drying is the main manufacturing process of hollow granular detergent, the process is: to pump s
37、lurry from the high-pressure spray tower, through the spray nozzle in order, wherein the mist below. From the tower bottom plate of hot air through the guide entry tower, was rotating towards the top. Countercurrent two met by heating and drying the slurry. Because powder Tata height of the slurry a
38、nd the hot air heat exchange for a long time by preheating the slurry droplet, surface evaporation, diffusion and cooling within the aging process, which can form hollow at the bottom of the column granular products. Tower bottom product through screening, separation of bulk materials (commonly know
39、n as the head of powder). Tower exhaust the powder with a cyclone recovery, and finally discharged into the atmosphere through the tail fan. We can see as the followsFig.1. Spray-drying process.l And we should concerned about the slurry is sprayed through nozzles into the tower at pressures of 4.1 t
40、o 6.9 kilopascals (kPa) in single-fluid nozzles and atpressures of 340 to 690 kPa in 2-fluid nozzles. Steam or air is used as the atomizing fluid in the 2-fluid nozzles. The slurry is sprayed at high pressure into a vertical drying tower having a steam of hot air at 315 to 4000C. The dried powder fl
41、ows off the tower at a temperature of 90 to 1000C.l Need from the product shape, relative density, color, odor, foam until the packaging design seminar. Such as washing powder, required an appropriate particle size, uniform, no lumps, color white, no bad smell, fluid, depending on the proportion of
42、stability, solubility, etc.; on the liquid detergent, you need to study the transparency or opacity, consistency, stability, color, smell and so on. Whether washing the skin stimulation, feel such a system. Reference 1.Pengfei Yan，Wenhui Hao，Ting Gao. Fine Chemicals Chemistry, Chemistry Industry, 20
43、04.2.Lubo Cheng，Jiazheng Hu，Mengzheng Yao，Kunyu Gao.，The synthesis of fine chemical products and applications, Dalian University of Technology Press，1995.3.Mohammad Farhat AIi, etc. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry (Organic Chemicals) .2005.4. Chenier Philip. Survey of Industrial Chemistry (Third Edition). 2002.