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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除2018-2019学年第1学期期末考试（集中）国际法（双语）题库（供法学院、刑事司法学院、民商经济法学院法学专业2016级选课班使用）一、Please write down the full name of these acronyms.一、请写下这些首字母缩略词的全名。UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea“联合国海洋法公约”联合国海洋法公约ICJ International Court of Justice国际法院国际法院ILC International Law Comm
2、issionILC国际法委员会EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone专属经济区IUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureIUCN国际自然保护联盟UNCOPUOS UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer SpaceUNCOPUOS联合国和平利用外层空间委员会IGO Inter-government Organization政府间组织政府间组织NGO non - governmental organizations非政府组织非政府组织UNFCCC United Nations
3、Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNFCCC联合国气候变化框架公约IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPCC政府间气候变化专门委员会UNDP The United Nations Development Programme开发计划署联合国开发计划署WHO World Health OrganizationWHO世界卫生组织WTO World Trade OrganizationWTO世界贸易组织UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and
4、Cultural Organization教科文组织联合国教育，科学及文化组织二、Definition二、定义Jus cogens强制法A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and
5、recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.如果条约在缔结时与一般国际法的强制性规范相冲突，则该条约无效。 为本公约的目的，一般国际法的强制性规范是整个国际社会接受和承认的一种规范，作为一种规范，不允许减损，
6、只能通过随后的规范来修改。 具有相同特征的一般国际法。Custom习惯Custom generally refers to some certain rules of behavior derived from an early stage, which have not been written down or codified. In international law custom is a practice followed by those states involved because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a wa
7、y.习惯一般是指某些早期阶段的行为规则，这些规则尚未写下或编纂。 在国际法中，习惯是所涉及的国家所遵循的惯例，因为他们认为在法律上有义务以这种方式行事。State sovereignty国家主权State sovereignty is firmly founded upon the fact of territory. A state enjoys and exercises its sovereignty over its territory, to the exclusion of other states. A political entity cannot be considered
8、as a state without territory.国家主权坚定地建立在领土的事实上。 一个国家享有并行使对其领土的主权，排除其他国家。 政治实体不能被视为没有领土的国家。Monists一元论者The monists claimed that there was only one fundamental principle. No matter national or international law must be based upon this very principle. 一元论者声称只有一个基本原则。 无论国家法还是国际法，都必须以此为原则。Opinio juris Opin
9、io法律（意见法律）Opinio jurisis described as the psychological component of customary international law because it refers to an attitude that states have toward a behavioral regularity. Opinio lawis被描述为习惯国际法的心理组成部分，因为它指的是一种态度，即国家对行为规律的态度。Terra nullius无人区It refers to territory which can be acquired by a sin
10、gle state but which is not yet under the territorial sovereignty of that state.它指的是可以由一个国家获得但尚未属于该国领土主权的领土。State responsibility国家责任State responsibility is a fundamental principle of international law. It reflects that states or other political entities possessing international personality must be le
11、gally responsible for a breach of an international obligation.国家责任是国际法的基本原则。 它反映出拥有国际人格的国家或其他政治实体必须对违反国际义务负有法律责任。International wrongful act国际不法行为In the Draft Articles on State Responsibility, it is provided in Article1 that every internationally wrongful act of a state entails the international resp
12、onsibility of that state. 在“国家责任条款草案”中，第1条规定“国家的每一项国际不法行为都要承担国家的国际责任”。Such a wrongful act is defined in Article 3 as:a. conduct consisting of an action or omission which is attributable to the state under international law; and b. that conduct constituting a breach of an international obligation of
13、the state.这种不法行为在第3条中定义为：一个。 由国家法律赋予的行为或不作为构成的行为; 和湾 该行为构成违反国家的国际义务。Exhaustion of local remedies用尽当地补救办法A very important customary rule of international law applicable to indirect injuries is that before international proceedings are invoked, the remedies provided by the local state should have been
14、 exhausted. It enables the local state to redress wrongful acts before the claim is to be brought to the international plane. 适用于间接伤害的一项非常重要的国际法习惯规则是，在援引国际诉讼程序之前，应当用尽当地国家提供的补救办法。 它使当地国家能够在将索赔提交国际飞机之前纠正不法行为。Freedom of the seas海洋自由Freedom of the seas is an essential principle of modern international l
15、aw of the sea. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans. It is the right of a merchant ship to travel any waters except territorial waters either in peace or war.海洋自由是现代国际海洋法的基本原则。 它强调自由驾驭海洋。 商船的权利是在和平或战争中除领海之外的任何水域。High Seas公海A term of international law; the open ocean, not part of the exclusive
16、economic zone, territorial sea or internal waters of any state.国际法一词; 开放的海洋，不属于任何国家的专属经济区，领海或内水。Right of innocent passage无辜的通道Ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious.所有国家的船舶，无论是沿
17、海国家还是内陆国家，都享有无辜通过领海的权利。 通道应是连续和迅速的。Treaty条约An international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.各国之间以书面形式缔结并受国际法管辖的国际协定，无论是体现在单一文书中还
18、是体现在两个或多个相关文书中，无论其具体名称如何。Reservations to treaties对条约的保留Unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a state. When signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, whereby it purposes to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their app
19、lication to that state.单方面声明，无论其措辞或命名，由国家制定。 签署，批准，接受，批准或加入条约时，其目的是排除或修改条约某些条款在适用于该国的法律效力。Extradition引渡The arrest and delivery of a fugitive wanted for a crime committed in another country, usually under the terms of an extradition treaty.通常根据引渡条约的规定，逮捕和交付逃犯是在另一个国家犯下的罪行。UN General Assembly大会The Gene
20、ral Assembly is one of the six main organs of the United Nations, the only one in which all Member States have equal representation: one nation, one vote. 大会是联合国六个主要机构之一，是所有会员国拥有平等代表权的唯一机构：一国一票。The Continental Shelf大陆架The continental shelf is a geographical term referring to the seabed, which is cov
21、ered with only a relatively shallow layer of water (150- -200 meters) and which eventually falls away into deep ocean. 大陆架是一个地理术语，指的是海床，它只覆盖了一层相对较浅的水层（150-200米），最终落入深海。Good offices斡旋It involves the participation of a third party, which performs a role of providing a channel for communication or help
22、ing establish direct contacts between the contending parties. 它涉及第三方的参与，第三方的作用是提供沟通渠道或帮助在竞争方之间建立直接联系。Arbitration仲裁The approach of arbitration in the process of settling disputes includes elements of both diplomatic and judicial procedures. Arbitration is a procedure for the settlement of disputes be
23、tween states by a binding award on the basis of law and as a result of an undertaking voluntarily accepted. 在解决争端过程中的仲裁方式包括外交和司法程序的要素。 仲裁是根据法律和自愿接受的承诺，通过具有约束力的裁决解决国家间争端的程序。State immunity国家豁免权Under international law, every sovereign is equal to and independent of any other sovereign. Accordingly a so
24、vereign cannot exercise authority over any other sovereign. Furthermore, the interference in the internal affairs of other states is also considered as contravening to the concept of state sovereignty. 根据国际法，每个主权国家都与任何其他主权国家平等并且独立。 因此，主权者不能对任何其他主权者行使权力。 此外，对其他国家内政的干涉也被认为违反了国家主权的概念。三、Short-answer简答题W
25、hat are the five principles of peaceful coexistence?1. mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty 2. mutual non-aggression 3. mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs 4. equality and mutual benefit 5. peacefully coexistence 和平共处的五项原则是什么？1.相互尊重领土完整和主权2.相互不侵略3.互不干涉内政4.平等互利
26、5. 和平共处Please briefly describe the jurisdiction of the ICJ.The International Court of Justice acts as a world court. The Courts jurisdiction is twofold: it decides, in accordance with international law, disputes of a legal nature that are submitted to it by States (jurisdiction in contentious cases)
27、; and it gives advisory opinions on legal questions at the request of the organs of the United Nations, specialized agencies or one related organization authorized to make such a request (advisory jurisdiction).国际法院是世界法院。 法院的管辖权是双重的：它根据国际法决定各国提交给它的法律性质的争议（争议案件的管辖权）; 并应联合国各机构，专门机构或一个有权提出此类请求的相关组织（咨询管
28、辖权）的要求，就法律问题提出咨询意见。A new state has the right to claim sovereignty over its territory. How can a new state acquire territory?新国家有权对其领土主张主权。 新国家如何获得领土？There are five ways by which title to territory can be acquired. They are: 1.occupation of terra nullius; 2.prescription; 3.cession; 4.accretion; 5. Su
29、bjugation (or conquest).有五种方式可以获得领土的所有权。 它们是：1。无效土地的占领;2.prescription;3.cession;4.accretion; 5.征服（或征服）。Who are the subjects of international law? What element is crucial in determining who is qualified as a subject of international law? 谁是国际法的主体？ 在确定谁有资格成为国际法主体时，哪些因素至关重要？States, international organi
30、zations, non-self-governing territorial entities, individuals.In international law personality is crucial in that it involves the examination of the status, capability, competence of international entities. Thus, it can be determined who is qualified as a subject of international law. 国家，国际组织，非自治领土实
31、体，个人。在国际法中，人格至关重要，因为它涉及审查国际实体的地位，能力和能力。 因此，可以确定谁有资格作为国际法的主体。What makes a certain entity the subject of international law?是什么使某个实体成为国际法的主体？To be a subject of international law an entity must have international personality, it must have the capacity to possess international rights and duties and, as a
32、 consequence, must have the capacity to maintain such rights by bringing international claims. A subject of international law owes responsibilities to the international community. Meanwhile, it enjoys rights, the benefits of which must be claimed. 要成为国际法的主体，一个实体必须具有“国际人格”，它必须具备拥有国际权利和义务的能力，因此必须有能力通过
33、提出国际主张来维护这些权利。 国际法主体应对国际社会负责。 同时，它享有权利，必须要求其利益。What are the fundamental rights and obligations of states?国家的基本权利和义务是什么？Right of independence; right of equality; right of jurisdiction; right of self-defense.Settle the conflict by peaceful means; refrain from intervention, internal or external affairs
34、 of any other state; refrain from war threat or use of war, against the territorial integrity or political independence of another state; good faith in fulfilling international obligations独立权; 平等权; 管辖权; 自卫权。以和平方式解决冲突; 避免任何其他国家的干预，内部或外部事务; 避免战争威胁或使用战争，反对另一国的领土完整或政治独立; 善意履行国际义务What are the principles
35、of extradition?引渡的原则是什么？First, that act should be a crime in both requesting and surrendering states(or the principle of double criminality). Second, the person surrendered to the requesting state should not be tried for any offense other than the one for which he is extradited.首先，该行为在请求和放弃国家（或双重犯罪原
36、则）中应该是犯罪。 第二，向被请求国投降的人不应因他被引渡的人以外的任何罪行受审。What are the two theories about state immunity?关于国家豁免的两种理论是什么？-Absolute immunity theory-Restrictive immunity theory -绝对免疫理论 - 限制性免疫理论What is diplomatic immunity?什么是外交豁免权？The diplomatic relations between states have to be conducted by certain special staffs ap
37、pointed by governments. In order to effectively fulfill their diplomatic mission they need some special privileges and immunities. Such privileges and immunities developed from state immunity. There exist various regulations of diplomatic relations and rules concerning the treatment of diplomatic st
38、affs in international law. It has been accepted that diplomats enjoy immunities in foreign states.国家之间的外交关系必须由政府任命的某些特别工作人员进行。 为了有效履行其外交使命，他们需要一些特权和豁免权。 这种特权和豁免权源于国家豁免权。 在国际法中存在各种关于外交人员待遇的外交关系和规则。 外交官在外国享有豁免权已被接受。How to understand the freedom of the high seas?如何理解公海的自由？The high seas are open to all
39、States, whether coastal or land-locked. Freedom of the high seas is exercised under the conditions laid down by UNCLOS and by other rules of international law. It comprises, inter alia, both for coastal and land-locked States:公海向所有国家开放，无论是沿海还是内陆。 公海自由是在“联合国海洋法公约”和其他国际法规则规定的条件下行使的。 除其他外，它包括沿海和内陆国家：(a
40、) freedom of navigation;(b) freedom of overflight;(c) freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, subject to Part VI;(d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law, subject to Part VI;(e) freedom of fishing, subject to the conditions laid dow
41、n in section 2;(f) freedom of scientific research, subject to Parts VI and XIII.These freedoms shall be exercised by all States with due regard for the interests of other States in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas, and also with due regard for the rights under this Convention with resp
42、ect to activities in the Area.（a）航行自由;（b）飞越自由;（c）根据第VI部分自由铺设海底电缆和管道;（d）根据第六部分，建造人为岛屿和国际法允许的其他设施的自由;（e）捕鱼自由，但须符合第2条规定的条件;（f）科学研究自由，但须符合第VI和XIII部分的规定。所有国家应在适当考虑到其他国家行使公海自由的利益的情况下行使这些自由，并在适当考虑到本公约规定的对“区域”内活动的权利的情况下行使这些自由。How to understand reservations to treaties?如何理解对条约的保留？It may not be possible for a
43、ll parties to a treaty to reach full agreement to every provision of it. It is common that a state is satisfied with most of the treaty but is intended to refuse to accept or to be bound by one or more particular provisions in the treaty. The wish may not be realized unless the device of reservation
44、s is introduced, which allows the amendment of such particular provisions while keeping the original treaty intact.条约的所有缔约方可能无法完全同意条约的每一条款。 国家对条约的大部分内容感到满意，但其目的是拒绝接受或受条约中一项或多项特定条款的约束。 除非引入保留装置，否则可能无法实现这一愿望，这允许在保持原始条约完整的同时修改这些特定条款。The legal regime of outer space was clarified by the signature in 1967
45、 of the Space Treaty, what is the full name of this treaty and what is the main content of it?1967年签署的“空间条约”澄清了外层空间的法律制度，该条约的全称是什么，它的主要内容是什么？The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use OF Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. “关于各国探索和利
46、用外层空间，包括月球和其他天体活动的原则条约”。The Space Treaty provides that outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies may not be appropriated by any state and that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the interests of all states and in accordance with international law. The tre
47、aty also emphasizes the peaceful use of outer space and nonuse of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in outer space.“空间条约”规定，包括月球和其他天体在内的外层空间不得被任何国家占用，并且外层空间的探索和利用应为所有国家的利益并根据国际法进行。 该条约还强调和平利用外层空间和不在外层空间使用核武器和其他大规模毁灭性武器。Treaties are known by many different names, write down at lea
48、st four of them.条约以许多不同的名称而闻名，至少写下其中的四个。Conventions, international agreements, pacts, general acts, charters, declarations and covenants.公约，国际协议，协定，一般法案，章程，声明和契约。What are the similarities and differences between treaties and contracts?条约和合同之间有什么相似之处和不同之处？There is a close resemblance between treaties and contracts in that both of them are created to have binding obligations for the contracting parties. But the difference from common contracts lies in a nature of treaties tha