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1、Lecture 2 Lecture 2 . . 句子分类、句子结构分析句子分类、句子结构分析句子分类句子分类一、按照句子用途分一、按照句子用途分1. 1. 陈述句陈述句 陈述一件事情，说明一个看法陈述一件事情，说明一个看法 She arrived at the station 5 minutes ahead of time. He is always modest and prudent(谦虚谨慎).2. 2. 疑问句疑问句 提出问题询问情况提出问题询问情况 1) 1) 一般疑问句一般疑问句 ( (用用yes yes 或或no no 回答回答) ) Are you from Chengdu?
2、Have you finished your homework? Did he go to the cinema last night? Will you come again?2 2）特殊疑问句）特殊疑问句 (when, where, what, who, (when, where, what, who, whom, how, why) whom, how, why) （针对问题回答）（针对问题回答） What have you been doing these days? When shall we meet again?3 3）选择疑问句）选择疑问句 （选择其一回答）（选择其一回答） I
3、s he a teacher or a student? Would you like coffee or tea? Shall we go back or stay here?4 4）反意疑问句）反意疑问句 ( (注意回答时使用的注意回答时使用的yes yes 或或no no 与后面一致与后面一致) ) You dont know her, do you? 你不认识她，是吗？ Yes, I do. 不，我认识。 No, I dont. 是的，我不认识。3. 3. 祈使句祈使句 提出请求，给予告诫，或发出命令提出请求，给予告诫，或发出命令 Get out of here! Dont be la
4、te again. 4. 4. 感叹句感叹句 发出感叹，流露情感发出感叹，流露情感 What a beautiful oil-painting! How well she sings! 二、按照句子结构分二、按照句子结构分1. 1. 简单句简单句 1 1）一主一谓）一主一谓 He studies in a university. She is on duty today. 2 2）一主两谓）一主两谓 He studies and lives in a university. A candle lights others and consumes itself.3 3）两主一谓）两主一谓 He
5、and his sister study in the same school. Wind and rain come on time. 风调雨顺。 4 4）两主两谓）两主两谓 He and his sister study and live in the same school. She and her classmates learn from and help each other. 说明：以此类推有多主一谓或者多主多谓说明：以此类推有多主一谓或者多主多谓或者一主多谓。或者一主多谓。简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。
6、主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this
7、is! 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)There + be / stand/ lie / live.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本
8、句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。基本句型一：主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi S + Vi ）句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思，后面可跟副词、介词短语、句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思，后面可跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。状语从句等。SViThe sun was shining.The moon rose.The universe remains. We all breathe, eat, and drink. Who cares? What he said does not matter. They talked for half an hour.
9、 The pen writes smoothly 基本句型二：主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt ( S + Vt + O)+ O)；谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。意思完整。 SVtO Who knows the answer? She smiled her thanks. He has refused to help them He enjoys reading. They ate what
10、 was left over. He said Good morning. I want to have a cup of tea. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型三：主语基本句型三：主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + (S + LV + predicative) predicative) 句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动
11、词。 SLVP This is an English-Chinese dictionary. The dinner smells good. He fell in love.Everything looksdifferent. He is growingtall and strong.The troubleis that they are short of money.Our wellhas gone dry.His face turnedred.四：主语双宾动词四：主语双宾动词+ +间宾间宾+ +直宾直宾(S +Vt (S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir)+O.indir+O. di
12、r)谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。另一个是动作的间接承受者。 SVtO.indirO.indirO. dirO. dirShe ordered herself a new dress. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures. I gave my ca
13、r a wash. I told him that the bus was late. He showed me how to run the machine. 五：主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)(S + Vt. + O + O. compl)动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 SVtOO. complO. complThey appointed him manager. They painted the door green. This set
14、them thinking. They found the house deserted. What makes him think so? We saw him out. He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus. 2. 2. 并列句并列句 由两个或更多的彼此由两个或更多的彼此相互独立、分合均可相互独立、分合均可的简单句构成，由并列连词、逗号的简单句构成，由并列连词、逗号+ +连词或连词或分号来连接。分号来连接。The country flourishes andand people live in peace.
15、 国泰民安。She failed, butbut she did not lose heart.It was getting late; he had to go back home.并列句并列句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctionscoordinating conjunctions平行并列连词平行并列连词: : 转折并列连词：转折并列连词：因果并列连词因果并列连词: : 选择并列连词选择并列连词: :and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, however, while, yetfor
16、, soor, eitheror, neither nor并列句并列句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。的词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。 主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式） 连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点
17、地点I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.Exercise:Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He
18、was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.3. 3. 复合句复合句 复合句由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构复合句由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构成，由从属连词、关系代词或关系副词来成，由从属连词、关系代词或关系副词来引导，彼此引导，彼此相互依从相互依从，不可独立成句（或，不可独立成句（或缺一不完整）缺一
19、不完整）She said that she would go to the fashion that she would go to the fashion show.show.That is why he was late for the classwhy he was late for the class.The sports meeting has to be put off, The sports meeting has to be put off, because it is raining heavily.because it is raining heavily.由一个主句和一个
20、或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。
21、复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从句3. 表语从句表语从句 4.同位语从句同位语从句 5.定语从句定语从句 6.状语从句状语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句 宾语从句宾语从句 状语从句状语从句 1. 定语从
22、句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was le
23、aving for Paris.that his fathered was working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when h
24、e is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in t
25、he room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that f
26、actorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you
27、 found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best in my class.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句Practice用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out. She
28、was late. (why)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)I still remember the day when I first went to York.将各组句子连接为一个含有将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句状语从句的复合句。的复合句。PracticeHe didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was il
29、l.Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间）（时间）It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）（结果）Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件条件) We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Well go to the great wall if it
30、s fine tomorrow.Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.三、一些特殊结构三、一些特殊结构1. 1. 存在句存在句 存在句即用带引导词存在句即用带引导词“there+be” there+be” 的结构，
31、的结构，用于说明、询问人或事物的用于说明、询问人或事物的“存在情况存在情况”。它将重要的部分（主语及其修饰语）放在句它将重要的部分（主语及其修饰语）放在句末，以达到引人注目和强调的目的。学习此末，以达到引人注目和强调的目的。学习此句型需要注意以下几点句型需要注意以下几点: : 1 1）区别）区别“there+be” there+be” 结构结构表存在表存在和和“have”have”表所表所属属There is a book on the desk.He has many books. 除了表示除了表示“有有”，也可表示发生什么事情。，也可表示发生什么事情。There will be a cha
32、nge in the weather tomorrow. There goes the last bus.2 2）除了跟）除了跟 “be” be” 以外，该句型还有一些其他形式和其他以外，该句型还有一些其他形式和其他时态，见例句：时态，见例句： There is nothing permanent except change. There will follow an interval of ten minutes. Long long ago, there lived an old man on the small island. There seems to be some misunde
33、rstanding between them. There is bound to be a good bargain. 这准是一笔赚钱的生意。 There must be something wrong with the computer. 类似的句型还有：类似的句型还有： There is (was) going to be 将有 There is (was) to be 将有 There will (would) be 将有 There used to be 过去有 There have (has) been 已有 There can (could) be 会有（是） There may
34、 (might) be 可能有（是） There must have been 一定有There should be 应该有 There exist (exists) 有 There stand (stands) 有 There appears to be 似乎有 There remains（只）剩下 There happened to be适逢/正逢3 3）注意一些表达错误）注意一些表达错误 错误：There is a man standsstands over there. 那儿站着一个人。 正确：There is a man standingstanding over there. 4)
35、 4) 疑问句疑问句 Are there any parking lots around here? 这一带有停车场吗？ How many parks are there in this city? There isnt a book on the desk, is there?5) 5) 引导词引导词there there 在复合结构中作动词宾语时，在复合结构中作动词宾语时，therethere后面多用不定式后面多用不定式 I dont want there to be any more trouble. I dont want there to be any misunderstandin
36、g between you and your friends. Would you like there to be some flowers here? 引导词引导词therethere作介词宾语的时候，作介词宾语的时候，there there 后后面多用动名词面多用动名词 I never dreamed of there beingthere being such a big stone on the sidewalk. What is the chance of there beingthere being a live telecast? 现场直播的可能性有多大？6) 6) 一致问题（
37、就近原则）一致问题（就近原则） There areare two textbooks, a dictionary and three pencils on the desk. There is (are )is (are ) a dictionary, two textbooks and three pencils on the desk.2. 2. 反意疑问句反意疑问句 ( (见详细讲解见详细讲解) )3. 3. 倒装句倒装句( (见详细讲解见详细讲解) )Exercise：proof-reading1. Dialects are difficult to understand, it wi
38、ll make others feel uncomfortable.Dialects are difficult to understand, and it will make others feel uncomfortable.2. Second, China are gradually integrating into the world, we need a official language to stand our country.Second, since China is gradually integrating into the world, we need an offic
39、ial language to stand for our country.3. In some places where is promoting dialects, there have many workers come from other places.In some places which promote dialects, there are many workers coming from other places.4. It is impossible to learn all dialects. Because (As) there are hundreds of dia
40、lects in China. It is impossible to learn all dialects, because (as) there are hundreds of dialects in China.5. Some people hold this opinion. While some others argue its against the policy.Some people hold this opinion, while some others argue its against the policy.6. There are still people use di
41、alects in remote areas.There are still people using dialects in remote areas.7. There are more and more people like to spend their spare time on physical activities.There are more and more people liking to (who like) spend their spare time on physical activities.More and more people like to spend.8.
42、 As we all know that China is a great country with five thousand years of history.As we all know, China is a great country with five thousand years of history.9. Should students be required to attend classes has become a hot topic.Whether students should be required to attend classes has become a ho
43、t topic.Choose the best one.Above the trees are the hills, magnificence the river faithfully reflect on the surface.(2003,43)Where b. of whose c. whose d. which2. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, is something we had not expected.(2003,51)a. which
44、 b. it c. that d. what3. There is no doubt the company has made the right decision on the sales project.(2001,44)why b. that c. whether d. when4. After seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel managers office.A.a. that b. there c. what d. it 5.To a highly imaginative writer, is
45、 a pad of paper and a pen.all are required b. all which is requiredc. all is required d. all that is required 6. can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. a.a. What b. That C. As d. It 7. We
46、went to work by taxi yesterday because our car at the garage.was repairing b. being requiredWas being repaired d. to be required8. No one can use cell phones in any areas at the hospital equipment might be affected by the interference from cell phones.a.a. that b. which c. where d. what 9. can be ju
47、dged from her eyes. she has no personal hostility to us. That b. As c. What D. Which10. The human body is composed of organs, each a definite job to do.a. has b. had c. having d. is having11. Even as a girl, to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.performing by Melissa wer
48、eit was known that Melissas performances wereknowing that Melissas performances werea.Melissa knew that performing was12. The government has promised to do lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.however b. whichever c. whatever d. wherever13. Quality is cou
49、nts most.a.which b. that c. what d. where14. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced.whose b. as c. what d. that15. all the tasks ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.been fulfilled c. having been fulfilleda.c. were fulfilled d. had been fulfilledThank you and good night!63 结束语结束语