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1、共 12 页 第 1 页 电子科技大学电子科技大学 2014 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 考试科目：考试科目：244 英语英语(二外二外 仅日语方向仅日语方向) 注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfin
2、ished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Certain animals and plants develop characteristics tha
3、t help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind. This natural biological process is called adaptation. Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter, in providing protection, and in producing and protecting
4、 the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms that are better fitted to their environments. Each living thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class. A plant, for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself fi
5、rmly and to absorb water and inorganic chemicals. It depends upon its green leaves for using the suns energy to make food from inorganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plants. In addition, there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have. Many animals ha
6、ve adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some insects are hidden by their body color or shape, and many look like a leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings. Many animals have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near. Org
7、anisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their development and production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its own environment, as do warm- blooded mammals, which have the ability to adjust body heat exa
8、ctly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an organism is so well adapted to a particular environment that if conditions change, it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions. 1. Some plants and animal
9、s develop superior characteristics so that they may A) help others of their kind get food, shelter and other things needed. 共 12 页 第 2 页 B) survive even in extremely severe conditions. C) become better adapted to the environments than others of their kind. D) result in the evolution and production o
10、f more intelligent organisms. 2. In the first paragraph, the word environments could best be replaced by A) contexts. B) surroundings. C) neighbors. D) enemies. 3. It can be inferred from this passage that the feathers of a bird are colored A) to frighten its enemies. B) to attract its enemies. C) t
11、o adjust its body heat. D) to match its environment 4. Which of the following is not directly mentioned in the passage? A) A living thing may adapt in its structure. B) An organism may adapt in its function. C) A living creature may adapt in its genetic makeup. D) A living organism may adapt in its
12、sleeping habit. 5. The author cites the behavior of warm- blooded mammals in order to that a living thing may have the ability_. A) to create an environment of its own. B) to remain still when an enemy is near. C) to make food from inorganic chemicals. D) to change the color of its skin. Passage Two
13、 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. A small piece of fish each day may keep the heart doctor away. Thats the finding of an extensive study of Dutch men in which deaths from heart disease were more than 50 percent lower among those who consumed at least an ounce of salt water fish
14、per day than those who never ate fish. The Dutch research is one of three human studies that give strong scientific backing to the long- held belief that eating fish can provide health benefits, particularly to the heart. Heart disease is the number- one killer in the United States, with more than 5
15、50,000 deaths occurring from heart attacks each year. But researchers previously have noticed that the incidence of heart disease is lower in cultures that consume more fish than Americans do. There are fewer heart 共 12 页 第 3 页 disease deaths, for example, among the Eskimos of Greenland, who consume
16、 about 14 ounces of fish a day, and among the Japanese, whose daily fish consumption averages more than 3 ounces. For 20 years, the Dutch study followed 852 middle- aged men, 20 percent of whom ate no fish. At the start of the study, the average fish consumption was about two- thirds of an ounce eac
17、h day with more men eating lean (瘦的) fish than fatty fish. During the next two decades, 78 of the men died from heart disease. The fewest deaths were among the group who regularly ate fish, even at levels far lower than those of the Japanese or Eskimos. This relationship was true regardless of other
18、 factors such as age, high blood pressure, or blood cholesterol ( 胆固醇) levels. 6. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A The Dutch research has proved that eating fish can help to prevent heart disease. B Heart doctors wont call your house so long as you keep eating fish each
19、 day. C Among all the diseases heart disease is the most dangerous in America. D There is a low incidence of heart disease in such countries as Japan and Greenland. 7. The phrase this relationship (in Line 5, Para. 4) refers to the connection between_ and the incidence of heart disease. A the amount
20、 of fish eaten B regular fish- eating C the kind of fish eaten D people of different regions 8. The passage is mainly about _. A the high incidence of heart disease in some countries B the effect of fish eating on peoples health C the changes in peoples diet D the daily fish consumption of people in
21、 different cultures 9. Why is heart disease the most dangerous killer in the United States? A Because American people drink too much spirits. B Because there are a great number of fat people there. C The author doesnt give a definite answer. D Because American people eat too much fatty fish. 10. How
22、 many lives could probably be saved each year in the United States by eating fifth according to the Dutch study? A 550,000. B 275,000. C 110,000. D 852. Passage Three Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Being assertive (果断) is being able to communicate with other people clearly. I
23、f you felt that you had expressed what was important to you and allowed the oilier person to respond in their own way then, regardless of the final outcome, you behaved assertively. It is important to remember that 共 12 页 第 4 页 being assertive refers to a way of coping with confrontations (对抗). It d
24、oes not mean getting your own way every time or winning some battle of wits against another person. In practice assertive behaviour is usually most likely to produce a result which is generally acceptable to all concerned, without anyone feeling that they have been unfairly treated. Assertiveness is
25、 often wrongly confused with aggression (侵犯行为). An aggressive confrontation is when one or both parties attempt to put forward their feelings and beliefs at the expense of others. In an assertive confrontation, however, each party stands up for their personal rights, but each shows respect and under
26、standing for the others viewpoint. The reason why assertiveness may not come naturally is that we often tend to believe that we must talk around a subject rather than be direct, or that we must offer excuses or justifications for our actions. In fact we all have a right to use assertive behaviour in
27、 a variety of situations. We are often schooled early in life to believe that sometimes our own need to express ourselves must take secondary place. For example, in dealing with those in privileged positions such as specialists, we often feel that speaking assertively is, in some way, breaking the r
28、ules. Everybody has certain basic human rights, but often we feel guilty about exercising them. 11. According to the passage, an assertive person _. A makes other people feel unfairly treated B puts forward his ideas at the expense of others C does not show respect to other people D speaks out what
29、he wants to say forcefully 12. Which of the following is NOT the reason that many people prefer not to be assertive? A They would rather be aggressive than be assertive. B Its often better to give people hints than to be straightforward. C Their needs to express themselves take secondary place befor
30、e important persons. D They tend to give excuses and justifications for their actions. 13. The last word of the passage them refers to _. A rules B actions C personal rights D privileged positions 14. According to the passage, one should not only express himself clearly and directly, but also A make
31、 other people accept his ideas B be careful with his manner C allow others to speak in their own way Dwatch other peoples response 15. In this passage, the author intends to encourage people to _. A fight for their personal rights B be aggressive when they talk to others C assert themselves regardle
32、ss of whether others suffer or not D be assertive at any time 共 12 页 第 5 页 Passage Four Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to th
33、e audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secreta
34、ries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations
35、, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?
36、 the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God, came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a pass
37、ing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoa
38、ts like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off- the- cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexp
39、ected. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 16. To make your humor work, you should_ A take advantage of different kinds of audience. B make fun of the disorganized people. C address diffe
40、rent problems to different people. D show sympathy for your listeners. 17. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _ A impolite to new arrivals. B very conscious of their godlike role. C entitled to some privileges. D very busy even during lunch hours. 共 12 页 第 6 页 18. I
41、t can be inferred from the text that public services _ A have benefited many people. B are the focus of public attention. C are an inappropriate subject for humor. D have often been the laughing stock. 19. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered _ A in well- worded langua
42、ge. B as awkwardly as possible. C in exaggerated statements. D as casually as possible. 20. The best title for the text may be_ A Use Humor Effectively. B Various Kinds of Humor. C Add Humor to Speech. D Different Humor Strategies. Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%) Directions: There are 40 inco
43、mplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one that can best complete the sentence and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 21. The waste pipe is blocked; try _ it out with hot water. A) rushing B) brushing C) crus
44、hing D) flushing 22. His actions do not _ to his words. A) respond B) consist C) correspond D) accord 23. He _ satisfaction from helping people in trouble. A) derides B) derives C) deviates D)detaches 24. There is a shift in_ from a womans view to a mans view. A) prospective B) prospectus C) prosper
45、ous D) perspective 25. I _ on a book with him. He help me a lot with collecting materials. A) cooperate B) operate C) collate D) collaborate 26. She is the _ survivor of the air crash. A) alone B) unique C) single D) sole 共 12 页 第 7 页 27. Both Bach and Beethoven wrote _ music. A) classical B) classi
46、c C) class D) classics 28. Physical attractiveness is not an important _ in some peoples opinion. A) ascribe B) attribute C) tribute D) trains 29. They came up with a(n) _ way of preventing cheating in exams. A) ingenue B) ingenuous C) ingenious D) genius 30. The school dining room_ as a meeting pla
47、ce for teachers and students. A) uses B) utilizes C) functions D) exerts 31. The Minister of Finance stresses that the quality of goods, _ the quantity of production, is the key to improving the nations economy. A) other than B) rather than C) more than D) better than 32. If people are not held resp
48、onsible for their actions when they are drunk, then we _forgive drunken drivers A) may well as B) had better C) might as well D) would rather 33. He might have been dead _ the arrival of the doctors. A) but for B) except for C) with D) on 34. These areas rely on agriculture almost _, having few mine
49、ral resources and a minimum of industrial development. A) respectively B) undoubtedly C) incredibly D) exclusively 35. Its strange that Amy _ her aunt in every way. A) takes down B) takes after C) takes to D) takes on 36. With the experience approaching the final success, everyone knows that they ca
50、n not _ a single minor mistake and ruin the whole thing. A) inflict B) endure C) stand D) afford 37. The boss stressed the criterion that a qualified waiter must do every service _ the satisfaction of his customers. A) for B) by C) on D) to 38. Only after many years of hard work _ that money alone d