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1、阅读理解（建议用时：25分钟）A体裁议论文话题性格和行为的成因词数369(2013潍坊模拟)People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. Its not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extre
2、mely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from eac
3、h other, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The argument is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nurture. Those who support the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and geneti
4、c factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined(注定)to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts(本
5、能). Proponents of the“nurture”theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The
6、ir view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli(something that helps sb. /sth. to develop better and more quickly)as the basis of their behavior. The social and political connections of these two theories are significant. In
7、 the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. This leads some“nature”proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically worse than whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robb
8、ed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere be
9、tween these two extremes. That the argument will continue for a long time is certain. 1. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem. A. why our personalities and behaviors differB. what makes different stages of intelligenceC. how social scientists form different theoriesD. what causes
10、 the“nature/nurture”argument2. The underlined word“proponents”can best be replaced by. A. approaches B. advocatesC. principles D. characters3. Which of the following statements may be supported by the“nature”school? A. We are born with certain personalities and behaviors. B. Environment has nothing
11、to do with our personalities. C. Abilities and characteristics are showed by behaviors. D. Only extreme behaviors are determined by instincts. 4. What can we learn about the behaviorists? A. They believe human beings are mechanical. B. They compare our behaviors to the machines. C. They suggest that
12、 we react to the environment as the machines do. D. They agree that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well. 5. The“nature”theorists believe that the blackslow scores. A. are the result of the educational disadvantagesB. are a display of the blackspoor intelligenceC. have nothing to do w
13、ith their true intelligenceD. have nothing to do with factors other than heredityB体裁议论文话题教育孩子词数291When a child is told he is“uncool”, it can be very painful. He may say he doesnt care, and even act in ways that are opposite of cool on purpose. But these are simply ways to handle sadness by pretendin
14、g its not there. Helping a child feel better in school had to be careful. If you say, “Why are you worried about what other children think about you? It doesnt matter! ”Children know that it does matter. Instead, an active way may be best. You could say, “Im going to do a couple of things for you to
15、 help you feel better in school. ”If a boy is having trouble making friends, the teacher can help him. The teacher can arrange things so that he has chances to use his abilities to contribute to class projects. This is how the other children learn how to value his good qualities and to like him. A t
16、eacher can also raise a childs popularity in the group by showing that he values that child. It even helps to put him in a seat next to a very popular child, or let him be a partner with that child in activities, etc. There are things that parents can do at home, too. Be friendly when your child bri
17、ngs others home to play. Encourage him to invite friends to meals and then serve the dishes they consider. When you plan trips, picnics, movies, and other shows, invite another child with whom your child wants to be friends. What you can do is to give him a chance to join a group that may be shuttin
18、g him out. Then, if he has good qualities, he can start to build real friendship of his own. 6. A child who has been informed of being“uncool”may. A. care nothing about itB. do something uncool on purposeC. develop a sense of angerD. pretend to get hurt very much7. A teacher can help an unpopular ch
19、ild by. A. seeing the child as the teachers favoriteB. asking the child to do something for partnersC. forcing other children to make friends with the childD. offering the child chances to show his good qualities8. How can parents help their child fit in better? A. By cooking delicious food for him.
20、 B. By being kind to his schoolmates. C. By forcing him to invite friends home. D. By taking him to have picnics in the park. 9. Which of the following is TRUE? A. Children dont care otherscomments on them. B. Its only teachers work to make children popular. C. Parents should take their children out
21、 for picnics and shows more often. D. Inviting childrens friends to family activities is good for them to make friends. 10. The text is mainly about. A. how an unpopular child can be helpedB. why some children are unpopularC. what good qualities unpopular children haveD. who care about unpopular chi
22、ldrenC体裁说明文话题减肥和饮食词数311(2013永州模拟)Four out of ten women who diet end up heavier than when they started watching their waistline(腰围), a study revealed today. The research also showed that a large percentage of women start noticing the pounds creeping back on just 21 days after reaching their ideal wei
23、ght. Yesterday, Dr. Ian Campbell of the Jenny Craig weight management program said, “In the UK 61. 4 percent of adults are overweight or obese. Successful weight management requires a long-term commitment in order to lose weight successfully and for good. Dieting can be a real challenge so setting r
24、ealistic goals and remaining focused on them is important. Otherwise as this research shows, women could end up heavier than when they started. ”The“Food: Body: Mind”report was publicized by Jenny Craig who quizzed 2, 000 women aged between 18 and 65 who diet regularly on their attitudes, beliefs an
25、d behaviors around weight loss. Six in ten said they are currently on a diet and one in five women said they are on a“continuous diet”. It found the most common triggers to start dieting was seeing their“reflections in the mirror”, preparing for a summer holiday or unflattering photos posted on soci
26、al networking sites. Other popular reasons include comments by friends or relatives or their other half. However, the study showed that one in ten give up within one day, while almost a fifth manage to make it to a week or more. The average is ten days. Many blamed pressure they put on themselves to
27、 lose weight too quickly for the weight gain, which leaves them with a bigger appetite than normal. Others blamed colleagues, who tuck into fatty lunches and snacks unaware of the effect it has on the dieter, while mothers who polish off their childrens leftovers(剩饭)was another common cause of weigh
28、t gain. 11. Which of the following might be the best title for this article? A. Three Reasons for Failing in DietingB. Important Things for Successful DietsC. Obesity: Problem for 61. 4% Adults in the UKD. Four in Ten Women Gain Weight on Diets12. In the UK, women who go on a diet. A. are all overwe
29、ight or obeseB. are likely to gain weight again after reaching their ideal weightC. all fail because they are not persistent enoughD. end up heavier than when they start to diet13. The underlined word“triggers”in Paragraph 4 probably means. A. effects B. examplesC. causes D. imagination14. Which of
30、the following is NOT the reason why many people quit dieting very soon? A. The pressure they put on themselves to lose weight quickly. B. Colleagues who give them fatty lunches and snacks. C. Reflections they see in the mirror. D. Leftovers of childrens taken by their mothers. 15. In which column of
31、 the newspaper do you probably find the passage? A. Health. B. Economy. C. Sports. D. Education. 【拓展训练】根据阅读理解C篇完成下列问题。1. What did Jenny Craig quiz 2, 000 women? (No more than 8 words)_2. Translate the following sentence into Chinese. Successful weight management requires a long-term commitment in or
32、der to lose weight successfully and for good. _答案解析A1. 【解析】选A。主旨大意题。首段首句指出作者要讨论的问题, 第二段开始从两个方面解释该问题, 末段是总结段, 由此看来, 首段首句和末段首句提到的人类行为是本文的中心内容, 因此答案为A。2. 【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据文章内容, 我们可以判断proponent应指人, 指这两种理论的支持者, 只有advocates“拥护者”符合这种推测, 故选B。3. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。第三段首句的largely determined by biological and genetic f
33、actors和末句的governed by our instincts都表明“天性论”派会认同A项的看法, 故选A。4. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。本题实际上考查对第四段末句的正确理解。原文该句中的like machines, humans respond. . . 表明作者并非单纯把人类比作机器, 而是把人类对环境的反应与机械对环境的反应做对比, 由此可见, C为正确的理解。5. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。将D选项与第三段结合起来, 可以确定D为本题答案, 只有D项才符合“天性论”派对性格与行为形成的看法。B6. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知, 当一个孩子被告知他不酷的时候
34、, 他可能会说他不在乎甚至会故意做出不酷的行为来。7. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第三段第二句The teacher can arrange things so that he has chances to use his abilities to contribute to class projects. 老师可以安排一些事情, 这样他有机会运用他的能力为班级做贡献。8. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第四段第二句Be friendly when your child brings others home to play. 当孩子带其他同学回家玩的时候, 父母一定要友好。9. 【解析】选
35、D。细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知家长邀请孩子的好友来聚会有助于孩子交友。10. 【解析】选A。主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了父母和老师怎样帮助一个不酷的孩子交到朋友。C【文章大意】十分之四的节食女性结果比她们刚减肥时还胖。11. 【解析】选D。主旨大意题。根据全文尤其是文章第一段可知, 本文主要介绍了十分之四的节食女性结果比她们刚减肥的时候还胖。12. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第一段The research also showed that a large percentage of women start noticing the pounds creeping back on
36、just 21 days after reaching their ideal weight可知, 研究表明, 很大比例的妇女注意到在达到理想体重仅仅21天后, 她们的体重又反弹了。13. 【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据第四段Other popular reasons include可知C为正确选项。trigger=cause, 表示“引起”。14. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知A、B、D三项正确, 根据文章第四段start dieting was seeing their“reflections in the mirror”可知C项错误。15. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。本文介绍了节食与减肥等, 故可推断本文选自健康栏目。【拓展训练】1.AttitudesBeliefsBehaviors around weight loss2. 成功的体重管理需要长时间地投入才能成功减肥, 持久减肥。- 7 -