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1、船载航行数据记录仪（VDR ）介绍船载航行数据记录仪（VOYAGE DATA RECORDER缩写 VDR ）是一种船舶安全监控产品，主要用于实时采集、记录船舶航行过程中各种静态、动态航行数据，并将最新一段时期的数据保存于最终存储器，该存储器在船舶失事后有较大的生存可能性，以便打捞出来后，在特定的VDR 数据再现设备真实再现船舶发生重大海难或受损前后一段时间内船舶航行状态、驾控人员操作处理情况以作为事故调查，判断事故发生原因的重要依据和处理海事纠纷的重要证据。其功能相当于飞机上的黑匣子，因而也有人将VDR称为“船用黑匣子”。它与飞机黑匣子、汽车黑匣子等同属于电子信息类的安全事件取证和证据保全类
2、产品。 2000 年 12 月国际海事组织（IMO ）通过 A.861(20) 号决议案，要求国际航行及沿海航行船舶均应安装船载航行数据记录仪（VDR ）。国际海事组织第20 次大会 (1997 年 11 月 27 日)通过了船载航行资料记录仪(VDR) 性能标准 A.861(20)号决议。船载航行资料记录仪(VDR) 性能标准的附件船载航行资料记录仪(VDR) 性能标准建议案是建议船用黑匣子的最低标准，主要内容有：1. 船用黑匣子是一个完整的系统，包括资料处理，编码，资料介面，记录介质，电源供应和专用备用电源(可充电式VDR 辅助电池 )和相关项目。2. 应能连续记录在事故发生期间的有关活动
3、，当船电中断时船舶的应急电源应能供电，当应急电源中断时专用备用电源应供电2 小时。3. 能记录日期，时间，船位，速度，艏向，驾驶室声音，通信声音，雷达资料和显示后的选择，测深仪，主报警，操舵命令和回应，轮机命令和回应，船体破口状况，水密和防火门状况，横摇和船体应力，风速和风向等。4. 要求在正常工作状态下应是完全自动的。能在事故后保存记录资料并恢复和再现这些资料。与船舶任何设备的连接，都不应妨碍该设备的正常工作，即使船用黑匣子系统出现故障时。国际海事组织对安装船用黑匣子的建议时间国际海事组织海上安全委员会第72 次会议 (2000 年 5 月 17-26 日)，决定同意对国际间航行的滚装船和客
4、运船上安装VDR 的最后期限；第73 次会议 (2000 年 11 月 27 日-12 月 6 日)对各种船舶安装船用黑匣子的建议时间期限为：2002 年 7月 1 日及以后建造的客轮；2002 年 7月 1 日及以前建造的滚装客船在不晚于2002 年 7 月 1 日以后的首次检时；2002 年 7月 1 日及以后建造除滚装客船以外的客轮不晚于2004 年 1月 1 日；2002 年 7月 1 日及以后建造的，除旅客轮船以外3000 总吨及以上轮船. Ships “ black boxes” and automatic identification systems regulations en
5、ter into force on 1 July 2002 New regulations for certain size ships to carry voyage data recorders (VDRs) and automatic identification systems (AISs) enter into force today (1 July 2002). The mandatory regulations are among a raft of amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life
6、 at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) entering into force on 1 July 2002. In addition, under its second phase of implementation, the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (ISM Code) becomes mandatory for most ships trading internationally on 1 July 2002. The revi
7、sed SOLAS chapter V (Safety of Navigation), which was adopted in December 2000, includes a number of important new requirements for ships, including those relating to carriage of VDRs and AIS and acceptance of electronic charts as meeting the chart carriage requirements. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - -
8、 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - Voyage data recorders Like the black boxes carried on aircraft, VDRs enable accident investigators to review procedures and instructions in the moments before an incident and help to identify the cause of any accident. P
9、erformance standards for VDRs were adopted by IMO in 1997 (IMO resolution A.861(20) and IMO encourages all ships to carry VDRs. In addition, IMO s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) in May 2002 approved MSC/Circ.1024 on Guidelines on Voyage Data Recorders (VDR) ownership to complement the VDR performan
10、ce standards. VDR requirements The following ships are required to carry VDRs, under regulation 20 of the new SOLAS Chapter V: passenger ships constructed on or after 1 July 2002; ro-ro passenger ships constructed before 1 July 2002 not later than the first survey on or after 1 July 2002; passenger
11、ships other than ro-ro passenger ships constructed before 1 July 2002 not later than 1 January 2004; and ships, other than passenger ships, of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July 2002. VDRs are required to meet performance standards “ not inferior to those adopted by the O
12、rganization”. Performance standards for VDRs were adopted in 1997 and give details on data to be recorded and VDR specifications. They state that the VDR should continuously maintain sequential records of preselected data items relating to status and output of the ships equipment and command and con
13、trol of the ship. The VDR should be installed in a protective capsule （太空舱） that is brightly coloured and fitted with an appropriate device to aid location. It should be entirely automatic in normal operation. Under the new regulation, the voyage data recorder system, including all sensors, shall be
14、 subjected to an annual performance test conducted by an approved testing or servicing facility to verify the accuracy, duration and recoverability of the recorded data. Administrations may exempt ships, other than ro-ro passenger ships, constructed before 1 July 2002, from being fitted with a VDR w
15、here it can be demonstrated that interfacing a VDR with the existing equipment on the ship is unreasonable and impracticable. VDRs for existing cargo ships In December 2000, IMO s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) adopted a resolution on the carriage of VDRs on existing cargo ships, which calls for a
16、feasibility study （可行性研究）to be carried out to ascertain the need for mandatory carriage of VDRs on these ships. The feasibility study, being conducted by the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation (and other Sub-Committees as appropriate), takes into account such factors as practicability, technical
17、problems relating to the retrofitting （花样翻新） of VDRs, adequacy of existing performance standards including the possible development of simplified standards, experience in the use of VDRs on ships already fitted with them, including data that could not have been obtained without VDRs, and relevant fi
18、nancial implications, including a cost-benefit analysis. The aim is to finalize the study by 1 January 2004 so that, if the study demonstrates a compelling （强制的）need for mandatory carriage of VDRs on existing cargo ships, relevant amendments to SOLAS Chapter V and the associated performance standard
19、s can be drafted. In the meantime, the resolution invites Governments to 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - encourage shipowners to install VDRs on existing cargo ships voluntarily, so that wide experience of their use may be g
20、ained. IMO GUIDELINES ON VOYAGE DATA RECORDERS (VDR) OWNERSHIP AND RECOVERY 1.) Ownership of VDR/data:The ship owner will, in all circumstances and at all times, own the VDR and its data. however, in the event of an accident the following guidelines would apply. 2.) Recovery of VDR:Recovery of the V
21、DR is conditional on the accessibility of the VDR or the data contained therein. a.) In the case of a non-catastrophic （灾难的） accident, recovery of the memory should be straightforward. For example, in some VDRs it can be accomplished by removal of a hard disc from the VDR unit. This action will have
22、 to be taken soon after the accident to best preserve the relevant evidence for use by both the investigator and the ship owner. As the investigator is very unlikely to be in a position to instigate this action soon enough after the accident, the owner must be responsible, through its on-board stand
23、ing orders, for ensuring the timely preservation of this evidence in this circumstance. b.) In the case of abandonment of a vessel during an emergency, masters should, where time and other responsibilities permit, recover the memory and remove it to a place of safety and preserve it until it can be
24、passed to the investigator. c.) In the case of a catastrophic accident, where the VDR is inaccessible and the data has not been retrieved prior to abandonment, a decision will need to be taken by the Flag State in co-operation with any other substantially （充分的） interested States on the viability （生存
25、能力） and cost of recovering the VDR balanced against the potential use of the information. If it is decided to recover the VDR the investigator should be responsible for co-ordinating its recovery. The possibility of the capsule having sustained damage must be considered and specialist expertise will
26、 be required to ensure the best chance of recovering and preserving the evidence. In addition the assistance and co-operation of the owners, insurers and the manufacturers of the VDR and those of the protective capsule may be required. 3.) Custody （保管） of VDR/data:In all circumstances, during the co
27、urse of an investigation, the investigator should have custody of the original VDR data, perhaps in the form of the whole or part(s) of the VDR itself, in the same way as if he has custody of other records or evidence under the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents. 4.) Read-
28、out of VDR/data:In all circumstances the responsibility to arrange down loading and read-out of the data from the recovered memory in whatever form should, in the first instance, be undertaken by the investigator who should keep the ship 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整
29、理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - owner fully informed. Additionally, specially in the case of a catastrophic accident where the memory may have sustained damage, the assistance of specialist expertise may be required to ensure the best chance of success. 5.) Access to the data:Although
30、the investigator will have custody of the original VDR memory in whatever form for the duration of the investigation, a copy of the data must be provided to the ship owner at an early stage in all circumstances. Further access to the data will be governed by the applicable domestic legislation of th
31、e flag state, coastal state and the lead investigating state as appropriate and the guidelines given in the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents. Data items to be recorded A.861(20) REF DATA ITEM SOURCE 5.4.1 Date & time Preferably external to ship (e.g.GNSS) 5.4.2 Ship s po
32、sitionElectronic Positioning system 5.4.3 Speed (through water or over ground) Ships SDME5.4.4 Heading Ship s compass5.4.5 Bridge Audio 1 or more bridge microphones 5.4.6 Comms. Audio VHF 5.4.7 Radar data- post display selection Master radar display 5.4.8 Water depth Echo Sounder 5.4.9 Main alarms A
33、ll mandatory alarms on bridge 5.4.10 Rudder order & response Steering gear & autopilot 5.4.11 Engine order & response Telegraphs, controls and thrusters 5.4.12 Hull openings status All mandatory status information displayed on bridge 5.4.13 Watertight & fire door status All mandatory status information displayed on bridge 5.4.14 Acceleration & hull stresses Hull stress and response monitoring equipment where fitted 5.4.15 Wind speed & direction Anemometer when fitted 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - -