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1、2015中考英语知识点总复习ago与before的用法区别区别1 两者均表示以前,但ago以现在为基准,即指现在以前,因此常与一般过去时连用;而before以过去某一时间为基准,指在那时以前,因此常与过去完成时连用(且多用于宾语从句中).如:He left two years ago. 他是两年前离开的.She said he had left two year before. 她说他是两年前离开的.区别2 before也可泛指以前,不与具体时间连用.此时可用于现在完成时或一般过去时.如:I have read the book before. 我以前读过这本书.He didnt know t
2、hat before. 他以前不知道此事.有关age 的几条用法说明说明1. 有关年龄(age)的常见表达:How old is he? / Whats his age?他多大年纪?He is ten (years old). / He is ten years of age. 他岁.I have a son (of) your age. / I have a son the same age as you. 我有一个像你这样年纪的儿子.Their ages are 4.7 and 9. 你们的年龄是岁.岁和岁.说明2. 表示在年龄时,英语常用at the age of 数字(有时也省略为at
3、 age数字,或改用 when 从句).如:He joined the army at the age of eighteen. He joined the army at age eighteen. He joined the army when he was eighteen (years old). 他18岁时参了军说明3. 他年纪 / 老不能直择为:His age is young / old. 可译为:He is young / old 短语after all用法说明1. 表示尽管怎样,但还是,可译为终究.毕竟(通常放在句末).如:I was right after all. 毕竟是
4、我对.He tried for an hour and failed after all. 他试了一个钟头,终究还是失败了.2. 表示别忘了(通常放在句首).如:I know he hasnt finished the work but, after all, hes very busy. 我知道他还没做完工作,但别忘了他很忙.注:不要将 after all 理解为最后.终于,而与finally 或at last 混淆.almost 与 nearly的用法异同一.相同之处两者均可表示几乎差不多,均可修饰不定代词.形容词.副词.动词.介词短语等,此时两者常可换用.如:Its almost nea
5、rly impossible. 那几乎是不可能的.(修饰形容词)He almost nearly always arrives late. 他差不多总是迟到.(修饰副词)He fell and almost nearly broke his leg. 他摔了一跤,险些摔断了腿.(修饰动词)Almost Nearly all the students passed the exam. 差不多所有的学生都通过了考试.(修饰不定代词)注意:修饰动词时,通常应放在行为动词之前,特殊动词之后(见上例);修饰形容词.副词.名词等时,通常应将其放在被修饰词语之前,否则会造成错误.如:他工作了几乎一整天.正:
6、He worked almost all day.误:He almost worked all day.我们当中几乎每一个人都读过这本书.正:Almost every one of us read the book.误:Every one of us almost read the book.二.不同之处1. almost 可用于 any 以及 no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定词之前,但 nearly 一般不这样用.如:Almost any man can do it. 几乎任何人都会做.Almost no one came to the party.
7、几乎没有人来参加晚会.I almost never see her. 我几乎从未见过她.但是,两者都可用在否定动词之前.如:( )He almost nearly didnt catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车.2. nearly 前可用 very, pretty, not 等词修饰,但 almost 之前不能用这些词.如: Its not nearly so difficult as you think. 这远不像你想象的那么难.The car is pretty nearly new. 这汽车几乎是全新的.注:not nearly 意为远非,very pretty near
8、ly 意为几乎,都是习语.3. 有时 almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同),此时不用 nearly.如:I almost wish Id stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着.Our cat understands everything hes almost human. 我们这只猫什么都懂快通人性了.含有add的四个有用短语1. add in 包括.如:Dont forget to add me in. 别忘了把我也算上.Would you add in these items, please? 请你把这些条款包括进去好吗? 2. add to 增加.如:Thi
9、s adds to our difficulties. 这增加了我们的困难.It adds to my pleasure to see you here today. 今天在这里见到你我格外高兴.3. add up(1) 加起来.如:You havent added the figures up right. 这些数字你没有加对.(2) 有意义,有道理(主要用于口语中,且主要用于否定句).如:His excuse just doesnt add up. 他的借口完全站不住脚.What he said doesnt add up. 他说的话自相矛盾.4. add up to(1) 加起来等于,总
10、计.如:The figures add up to 500. 这些数字加起来等于500.The costs added up to 1000 dollars. 费用总计为1000美元.(2) 总起来看说明了.如:( )Your long answer just adds up to a refusal. 你的冗长回答简直等于拒绝.The evidence all adds up to a case of murder. 所有证据都说明这是一起谋杀案含有act的几个重要短语1. act as (临时)担任,充当,起的作用.如:A trained dog can act as a guide to
11、 a blind person. 经过训练的狗可以担任盲人的向导.表示担任独一无二的职务,其前通常不用冠词.如:He acted as manager in my absence. 我不在时他担任经理.I dont understand their language; youll have to act asinterpreter. 我不懂他们的语言,你得当翻译了.2. act for 代理(某人职务),代为(处理某事).如:Please act for me during my absence. 我不在时请代理我处理事务.I acted for our captain while he wa
12、s in hospital. 我们队长住院时由我代理他.3. act out (用手势和语言)表演出来.如:Lets act out the story of the three bears once more. 让我们再把这三只熊的故事表演一次吧.4. act on (upon) 对起作用,对有效.如:The drug acts on the stomach. 这药对胃有效.Alcohol acts on the nervous system. 酒精对人的神经系统有影响.5. in the act (of) 当场,正在动作时.如:He was in the very act of start
13、ing. 他正准备动身.He was caught in the act (of reading my private letters). 他(在读我的私信时)被当场抓住angry的用法1. 表示对某人生气,一般用介词with,有时也用at. He got angry with (或at) me. 他对我生气了.注:有人认为用with表示心中感到生气,而用at则表示怒气流露于外表.但总的说来还是用with的场合较多.2. 表示对某事生气,一般用介词about 或at.如:She was very angry at what he said. 她对他说的话很生气.I was angry abou
14、t missing the film. 没看上那部电影我很所恼.注:有人认为:at之后接某人之言行,about之后接某事,但种区别并不十分严格,两者常可混用.有关ago的几点用法说明1. ago在表示时间的以前这个意义时,应注意:(1) 只能与时间段状语连用,不能与时间点状语连用.(2) 只能放在时间名词之后,而不能置于其前.(3) 只能与过去时连用,不能与完成时连用.I met him three years ago. 我年前见过他.注:若句中有助动词,有时也可用于完成时态.如;This would have been a couple of months ago. 这可能是几个月以前.2.
15、 在It was时间段ago之后用that或when引导从句均可(构成强调句),但不能用since(若则since要去掉ago,并改was为is).如:He died twenty years ago. It was twenty years ago that (或when) he died. It is twenty years since he died. 他是20年前死的.after与behind用法小区别after 表示顺序的先后,behind 表示位置的前后.试比较:run behind sb. 在某人后面跑run after sb. 跑在某人之后(含有追上之意)Shut the d
16、oor behind you. 关上你后面的门.Shut the door after you. 出入请随手关门.注:口语中的客套话先生.你先请,右说成After you, 但不能说Behind you. accept与receive的用法区别1. receive 指收到.接到.表示一种被动的行为;而accept 指接受,表示的是一种主动的行为,并伴随有一种满意或允诺的意味.试体会:He received the present, but he didnt accept it. 他收到了礼物,但没有接受.2. 两者之后均可接名词或代词作宾语,但不可接不定式.如:He asked her to
17、marry him and she accepted him. 他向她求婚,她同意了.但:不可说she accepted to marry him. 3. 表示接见.接待时,应用receive,不用accept . She was warmly received. 她受到热情接待.4. 表示从收到接爱时,两者之后均可接from.He received / accepted an invitation from his friend. 他收到 / 接受朋友的邀请.besides, except, but的用法区别1. 基本区别三者均可表示除了,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指除了什么之
18、外,还有;而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指除了什么之外,不再有:Mary knows Japanese besides French. 除法语外,玛丽还懂日语.She eats everything except but fish. 她什么都吃,但不包括鱼.但是,在否定句中,besides 也表示除外不再有 ,与but, except 同义:No one writes to me besides except you. 除你之外,没有人给我写信.2. 关于 but 与 except两者都可表示除外不再有,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则
19、侧重指后面除去的部分( ):All are here but one. 除一个人外大家都到了.All are here except one. 还有一个人没到.3. but用法的限制在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,通常用于no, no one, nobody, nothing, any, anyone, anything, every, everyone, everything, all, none, who, what等词语后: Nobody knew her name but me. 除我之外,没人知道她的名字.I have told this to no one but you
20、. 除你之外,这事我没告诉任何人.Who but a fool would do such a thing? 除了傻子谁会干那种事?You can come any day but Friday. 除了星期五之外,你哪天来都行.He eats nothing but fruit. 他除了吃水果外,其他的什么都不吃.但是except 却没有以上限制,如下面一句可用except,但不能用but:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开.used to 与 be used to1 be used to 意为习惯于,其中的 t
21、o 是介词,所以其后要接名词或动名词(不能接动词原形);若要强调从不习惯到习惯的过程,可用 get, become 等代替动词 be.如:He is used to looking after himself. 他已习惯于自己照顾自己.Im sure Ill get used to the hard work. 我相信我会习惯这艰苦工作的.注:be used to 有时可能是动词 use 的被动语态结构 (此时意为被用来,其中的 to 为不定式符号,其后要接动词原形).如:A hammer is used to drive in nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的.2. used to 意为过去
22、经常,其中的 to 是不定式符号,而不是介词,所以其后只接动词原形(不能接动名词).如:He used to live in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎.注:used to 通常不能与表示具体次数(如 twice, three times 等)或一段时间(如 three months, five years 等)的词或短语连用,但是它却可以与 always, often 等表示经常性意义的副词连用.如:正:I went to Paris three times. 我去过巴黎 3 次.误:I used to go to Paris three times.正:I lived in the
23、country for three years. 我在乡下住过 3 年.误:I used to live in the country for three years.正:I always used used always to be afraid of dogs. 我过去总是怕狗.used to 构成否定式和疑问式时通常有两种方式:即借助助动词did 或直接将 used 用作助动词.如:He usednt didnt use to come. 他过去不常来.You used to go there, usednt didnt you? 你过去常到那儿去,是吗?另外,有时也可见到以下这样的否定
24、式和疑问式,但不是很普通:Did you use(d) to be a teacher? 你过去是当老师的吗?They didnt use(d) to live here. 他们过去没住在这儿.There used to be a cinema here, use(d)nt there? 往日这里曾有家电影院,是吗?wait (for) 与 expect两者均含有等之意,但是有区别:wait for (等候)通常指在一个地方呆着,不采取任何行动,一直等到某事发生,它主要强调时间的流逝且含有耽误之意,有时暗示某人来得太晚或某事发生得太迟等;而 expect(期待,预料)则指某事(可指好或不好的事
25、)很可能会发生或到来,不强调时间的迟早,只说明一种心情.比较:他在校门口等他母亲.误:He was expecting his mother at the school gate.正:He was waiting for his mother at the school gate.我们在等乔治的来信.误:We are waiting for a letter from George.正:We are expecting looking forward to a letter from Goerge.那么我 10 点整等你.误:Then Ill wait for you at exactly t
26、en oclock.正:Then Ill expect you at exactly ten oclock.experiment的常用搭配用作名词(意为实验)应注意以下几点:1. 表示做实验,英语可用do (或make, carry out, perform) an experiment. 2. 注意 experiment 之后介词的选用.总的原则是(并不绝对):(1) 表示用作或动物做实验,用介词on.如:do an experiment on him / the monkey用他 / 猴子做实验(2) 表示做实验,一般用介词in.如:make an experiment in physic
27、s / chemistry做物理化学实验(3) 表示用做实验(用方法.材料等),一般用介词with.如:carry out experiments with new methods用新方法试验3. 表示通过(用)实验,一般在 experiment 之前用by.如:Scientists test out theories by experiment. 科学家用实验检验理论.注:experiment 还可用作动词,但一般只用作不及物动词,其后所接的介词与名词之后所接的介词大致相同,有时也有例外.如:make an experiment on electricity / to experiment
28、on electricity 做电学实验enough用法详解1. 用作名词,是不可数名词.如:Ive had enough. thank you. 我吃饱了,谢谢你.2. 用作形容词,通常与复数名词或不可数名词连用,且一般放在被修饰名词之前 (在正式文体中也可置于其后).如:Are there enough seats for all? 座位够大家坐了吗?We havent enough time (或time enough). 我们的时间不够了.3. 用作副词,必须放在被修饰语之后.如:He is old enough to go to school. 他够上学年龄了.I dont know
29、 him well enough to ask him for help. 我和他不够熟,不能请他帮忙.4. 有的词书认为:enough 用作表语时,其主语不能是名词,必须是代词(如可以说:Thats enough, 但不能说:The time is enough).这种观点有些片面,其实 enough 用作表语时,其主语可以是代词也可以是名词(但主要限于表示数量概念的名词).如:One such dictionary is enough. 这样的词典有一本就够了.else用法小议1. else (别的,其他的)通常置于下列语之后:(1 much, little, all (=everythi
30、ng)等;(2) 以-one , -body, -thing, -where结尾的词;(3) who, what, where, how, why 等疑问词(注:不能放在which 之后).如:Little else is known of his life. 关于他的生平,别的就知道得不多了.Anything else I can do for you ?我还能为你做点别的事吗?Where else did you go?你还去过什么别的地方?2. else 的所有格形式是elses.如:Ive taken somebody elses hat. 我拿了别人的帽子.3. 与or 连用,表示否
31、则,要不然.若用在句末,则常带有一种威胁的口气.如:Hurry, (or) else youll be late. 快点,要不然你要迟到了.Do what l tell you.or else!按我告诉你的做不然的话easy与easily1. easy (容易的)可用于句型 Its easy for sb. to do sth. 或 sth. is easy for sb. to do, 但不能用于 sb. is easy to do sth. 或 Its easythat 从句(参见difficult).误:I am easy to do the work. 误:Its easy that
32、I do the work. 正:Its easy for me to do the work. 正:The work is easy for me to do. 做这项工作对我来说很容易.2. easily 是形容词 easy 的副词形式.如:I can easily finish the work. 我可以毫费力地完成这项工作.3. easy 有时也可用作副词,且一般只限于某些特定的说法中(注意一般不能用easily 代之).如:thake it (或things) easy 别着急,紧张Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得快.Easier said than done.
33、说来容易做来难.Stand easy!(口令)稍息!(比更随便些) crowd用法小结1. 用作名词,是集合名词.作主语时,谓语用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体成员)均可.如:The crowd moves on, and no one tries to stop it. 人群向前移动,谁也没试图阻止.The crowd were running in all directions. 人群往四面八方跑去.强调人数多时,可用复数形式.如:There were crowds of people waiting to get in. 有许许多多的人在等着进去.2. 用作动词,表示聚集.挤满,可用
34、作及物或不及物动词.如:Shoppers crowded the streets. 买东西的人挤满了大街.He managed to crowd into the train. 他总算挤上了火车.People crowded round to get a better view. 人们争相围观.常用结构 be crowded with.如:The hall was crowded with people. 大厅挤满了人.The exhibition was crowded with visitors. 展览会挤满了参观的人.3. 派生形容词 crowded 意为拥挤的.如:crowded tr
35、ains (hotels, roads, shops) 拥挤的火车(旅馆,道路,商店)但是,汉语的拥挤的交通不能直译为 crowded traffic, 而是用 busy heavy traffic.cook的用法1. 用作动词,意为烹调.煮.做(饭)等,比较以下句型:Who cooks? 谁煮饭? Who cooks for me? 谁给我煮饭?Who cooks the food? 谁煮这食物?Who cooks me the food? 谁给我煮这食物?Who cooks the food for me? 谁给我煮这食物?2. 用作名词,意思是厨师.炊事员.注意:千万不要与cooker(
36、炊具)混淆起来.比较:Father is a good cook. 父亲是一位优秀的厨师.He bought a pressure cooker. 他买了一个压力锅.always用法小结1. always(总是)与一般现在(或过去)时连用是通常用法但有时它也可与下列时体连用:(1) 现在完成时.表示一向.早就.如:Ive always believed he was wrong. 我一直认为他是错的.(2) 现在进行时,表示总是.老是(往往带有一定的感情色彩.如赞许.不快.厌恶等).He is always smiling. 他总是面带笑容.She is always saying the s
37、ame thing. 他老是把同一样的话说了又说.2. always 除非在祈使句中,一般不用于句首.如:Always put on your safety belt when you drive. 每次驾驶时都一定要系好安全带already用法小结1. 表示已经,通常用于肯定句,不用于否定句或疑问句(此时要用yet ).如:He has already started. 他已经动身了.Has he started yet?他动身了吗?He hasnt yet started. / He hasnt started yet. 他还没有动身.2. 有时也用于疑问句,但往往含有问话人希望得到一个肯
38、定回答或含有惊讶之意.如:Has she gone to bed already?她不是已经上床了吗?Is he back already 他怎么已回来了?3. 一般说来,already 不用于否定句,但它有时可用于否定的条件状语从句中.如:If he hasnt seen the film already, he may get the ticket. 假若他还未看过这电影,他呆以弄到票的.4. 与already 连用的时态:(1) 与行为动词的完成体连用.如:He has read the book already. 他已读过这本书.By this time tomorrow Ill ha
39、ve finished the job already. 到明天这个时候,我将已做完这工作.(2) 与行为动词的进行体连用.如:He is already working. 这已经在工作了.When I came in, he was already laying the table. 我进来时,他已在摆桌子了.(3) 与持续性动词或状态动词的一般现在时或一般过去时连用.如:Its already late. 已经迟了.He already knew about it. 那时他已知道此事了. alone与by oneself1. 两者均表示独自.单独,有时可互换.如:He likes livi
40、ng alone (或by himself) 他喜欢独居.2. 两者均不可用very 修饰,但可用all 修饰.如;Can you finish the work all alone?你一个人能完成这工作吗?He went to see the film all by himself. 他独自一人去看了电影.3. 在表示人数方面,alone (侧重指没有外人)不如by oneself(指绝对一人)那样绝对.如:误:I want to be by myself with Mary. 正:I want to be alone with Mary. 我想单独与玛丽在一起.4. alone 还可放在名
41、词或代词之后,表示仅仅.只有(与only 同义,但only 放在名词或代词之前),by oneself 不能这样用.如:He alone can do it . ( = Only he can do it. ) 只有他才做得了.advice的用法1. 表示建议.劝告.忠告等,是不可数名词,若表示一条或几条建议或劝告,要借用 piece 这样的词.如:This is a good piece of advice. 这是一条很好的建议.2. 表示按照某人的意见做某事,一般要用介词 on 或 by.如:We did the work on by her advice. 我们按她的意见做此工作.3.
42、表示提出建议或忠告,一般用动词 give;表示向某人请教或征求意见,一般用动词 ask (for);表示接受意见或劝告,一般用动词take, follow, accept 等.如:The old often give good advice to the young. 老年人常常对年轻人提出金玉良言.You should ask for the teachers advice. /You should ask the teacher for advice. 你应该去征求老师的意见.If we had followed his advice, we could have done the job
43、 better with less money and fewer people. 要是听取了他的意见,我们不仅可以节省人力.物力,而且还会把工作做得更好.4. 其后若出现 that 从句,通常用should动词原形这样的虚拟语气.如:My advice is that he (should) give up smoking. 我建议他戒烟.address的用法1. 用作名词,意为地址.汉语中的你住在哪? 在英语中不能直译为:Where is your address? 因为此句的实际意思是你的地址放在哪里?(即写有你的地址的纸条放在哪儿了?)要表示你住在哪?一般说:Where do you
44、live? 也可以说成Whats your address?2. 用作动词,注意以下用法:(1) 表示写地址或写信给.如:Please address these letters. 请把这些信写上地址.The card was wrongly addressed to our old home. 那张明信片误写了我们的旧地址.(2) 表示向讲话(及物),属正式用法.如:The mayor addressed the crowd. 市长向群众讲话.Address your remarks to me, please. 请把你的意见向我说吧.(3) 用于 address oneself to, 意
45、为着手.致力于.如:She addressed herself to the main difficulty. 他致力地解决主要困难.because, since, as与for1. 关于because(1) because 表示的原因是必然的因果关系,语气最强,通常放在主句之后,有时也放在主句之前.(2) 回答why 提出的问题,只能用because, 不能用其余三者.如:A:Why cant I go?我为什么不能去?B:Because you are too young. 因为你太年轻了.(3) because 引导的从句可用于强调句,其余三者不能.哪:Its because he is
46、 kind that we like him. 是因为他对人友好,我们才喜欢他.(4) because 从句可用表语,其余三者不能.如:This is because the earth is travelling round the sun. 这是因为地球在围绕太阳转.(5) not because 这一结构中的not 有时否定主句,有时否定从句,一般应根据句子的意思作出正确的(合逻辑的)理解.若 not 否定主句,最好在because 之前用逗号,否则容易引起歧义:I didnt go because I was afraid.1) 我没有去是因为我怕.2) 我不因为怕才去.不过若because 之前有just 修饰,一般认为not 只能否定从句.如:You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of