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1、学习必备欢迎下载高三英语写作辅导材料 “ 读写任务 ” 专题指导一、常用文章开头、展开及结尾的句式：1. Summary: 1).In this passage, the writer (author) explains/writes about. 2).The passage/article points out/presents/states/compares/introduces/mainly tells us. 3).We can learn from the passage that. 4).The passage tells us a story of., who. . Throu
2、gh the story, the author presents an idea that. (记叙寓意 ) 5).As can be learned from the passage, 6).The passage compares the benefits of A with B. Some argue in support of A, believing that., while others prefer B, stating that. （议论文）7).The writer sets some examples to tell us2. 过渡句：1).I can t agree m
3、ore with the author. 2).I agree with what is presented above. 3).The view sounds right /reasonable but it is hardly practical.（议论文）4).Personally, I prefer . 5).Different people have different opinions on this point. Some.,. Others. （两种观点）6). In my opinion, it is right for sb. to do. 7). This story r
4、eminds me of an accident that I witnessed. 8). Another example that jumps into my mind is. 9).I have a similar (the same) experience. 10).What Peter did reminds me of a story that happened two years ago. （记叙文）3. 结束段（句） ：1).In conclusion/short/brief,. 2).As is stated above, sth.has both advantages an
5、d disadvantages. My opinion is that. （呼应文精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载章主题或标题）3).In a word, we have to strike/achieve a balance between A and B. Only if/when/after/by/in., can we do.（谈论两种事物时常用）4).From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion
6、 that. 5).Taking all the above-mentioned factors into consideration ， .4. 解题技巧：A. 标题：一般要有，07 高考写信没法再拟标题。要求要写标题的而没写会扣分。（1）标题是整篇文章的标题，不可写在summary 之后；（2）实词首字母大写,如 How to Educate Children, My View on Happiness; （3） 标题要准确简练， 能体现文章内容有一定的文学性，尽量避免使用罗嗦的长句。能用格言谚语作标题尤佳；（4）两个 “ 万能 ” 标题：An Unforgettable Experien
7、ce; My View on ; （5）注意文章的要求，如果是以“Is Failure a Bad Thing”为标题，就只能用这个；如果以它为主题，可自拟标题。B. 概要：信息获取与加工的过程，读和写的过程。（1）定文体：指阅读材料的文体（下同）；（2）定时态：原文过去时，转述也用过去时；现在时则仍然用现在时；（3）定人称：一般用第三人称，特殊情况（如：书信）可能用第二或第一人称；（4）找主题：读短文，划关键词和关键句，即文中反复出现的一些词和段首（尾）主题句 ; （5）定意图：根据关键词句弄清作者的写作思路和观点态度；（6）写概要：开门见山，高度概括句，使用概括性语言，省略细节、重复内容和
8、事例；注意衔接；千万不要把考生自己的观点写在概要里。C.主体写作：提出自己观点-论证 -总结。重心在论证，记叙文描述个人经历，稍加个人思想。重点该放在记叙部分；夹叙夹议要求事例作为论据，非全文重心，是用来支持论点的。（1）自然过渡：应使用过渡句，以使概要部分和主体部分衔接自然；（2）展开观点：围绕写作要求里的要点，防止跑题，注意句与句、段与段之间的衔接，最好使用演绎法，即每段开头使用总起句，以使阅卷老师知道你想表达的内容，注意选用自己熟悉的词汇和句型，时态意识，主谓一致，慢写防拼写错精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 17
9、页学习必备欢迎下载误；（3）简单总结：画龙点睛，完整性加强，名言尤佳。D.检查：（1）词 -名词单复数，主谓一致，时态语态，非谓语动词，单词拼写等；（2）句 -句型结构，短语搭配等；（3）篇 -句子之间的连接词，段落之间过渡；（4）标点符号。二、关于概括：1、概括的要求：简洁明了，主题突出。概括可采用总分的形式，即第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的（这句话举足轻重） ，后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地予以删除。2、概括的方法：1） 、使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。
10、2） 、议论性或论说文，概括时则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。概括对方观点首先是要转换视角，即以“ 第三人称 ” 或“ 无人称 ” 来概括。3） 、如果给的阅读材料是一则故事，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水讲细节。原文含寓意时，最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。4） 、如果是说明性或描述性短文，就必须用概括性的文字说明一现象。3、概括的写作步骤：1） 、寻找关键词。 文章的关键词可结合“ 写” 的任务中的 “ 就” 主题发表自己的看法的要求来确定。如，要求你“ 以约 120 词谈谈你理想的大学生活” ，那么所阅读的文章的主题词就应是 “college/uni
11、versity life”。2） 、确定主题句。文章的主题句首先可通过所给阅读材料的标题来确定,阅读材料的标题即是文章的论点或主题句。没有标题的文章，我们就尤应注意议论文、夹叙夹议文和说明文的第一段（总起段）和最后一段（总结段），或每一段的第一句或第二句（总起句）和最后一句（总结句） 。没有主题句的需要自己组合。3） 、重构主题句。概括的主题句要归纳总结性强，能涵盖后面所有的支撑句的内容。4） 、重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 17 页学习必备欢迎
12、下载4、概括的形式：“ 主题句 +支撑句 ”即“ 主题 +主题的什么 ” 。文体主题句支撑句议论文文章论点（一句）文章论据（两三句）记叙文故事的写作目的/ 主题（一句）故事大意（两三句）说明文说明的对象 / 观点 / 现象解释 / 分述5、概括的常用句式：记叙文：“ 主题 +故事简述 ” ，其主要句型为：The story tells /emphasizes /focuses on the importance/ necessicities / advantages, disadvantages, reasons, ways, ideas, 议论文：“ 主题 /论点 +论据 ” ，其主要句型为
13、： 论点 /主题：The article mainly conveys the idea /discusses the problem/ reasons/ways/ideas, importance/effect /focuses on the idea/ tells us the fact that 论据： For example, /such as说明文： “ 主题 +解释 /分述 ” ， 其主要句型为： 主题：This article points out/ talks about/tells about the common phenomenon that 解释 /分述： for ex
14、ample,三、在 “ 读写任务 ” 中如何概括大意读写任务属于具有一定开放性的写作命题，它要求学生先通读一篇短文，然后用30 字左右概述短文的大意，再按要求进行作文。不少学生在概括短文大意这一环节就觉得难以下笔，据了解，困难之处包括：（1）缩不短；（2）抓不住重点；（3）不知道哪些内容该删减；（4）概括不全面。针对以上问题，第一步，先向学生介绍概括大意常用到的几种方法：1. 综合归纳法如写事的文章。记叙文一般包含有时间、地点、人物和事件(主要经过）四要素。找出文中的四要素，并合理组织它们，这就是主要内容。(如果有故事的启示，要再加这一要素。 ）2. 段意归并法把每段的段意分主次连起来，就是文
15、章的主要内容。3. 抓重点词句（中心句、中心段或过渡段）有些文章结构上的总起句、过渡句、总结句或内容上的中心句结合起来就是文章的主要内容。4. 取主舍次法即重点归纳法精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载有时一篇文章，其重点部分十分突出，而全文的主要内容就在其中。因此，只要抓住这个重点部分的段落大意，再加上一些必要的补充交代，全文的主要内容就归纳出来了。第二步，在以上四种方法中确定一种方法，通过不同难度和不同体裁的文章，让学生熟练掌握方法的技巧，做到归纳准确全面。我选定了 “ 段意归并法 ” ，因为高中
16、学生接触的英语文章多数层次较分明，各段意思较独立。文章（一）如下，这篇文章在语言理解方面难度较低，可以使学生集中注意力于大意的揣摸上。Learning to study is not difficult. The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn. It doesn t mean that you must always like the subject. It does mean, however, that you must be willing to learn whatever is necessa
17、ry. Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later. Knowing mathematical facts will be useful in your whole life. Knowing how to spell words makes any kind of writing easier. Sometimes the subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be attractive when you b
18、egin to work on it. Learning things can be fun if you can try your best. Here s some advice for you. Have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study, so that you can concentrate on your study without interruptions. Have everything ready before you sit down to study, a dic
19、tionary, paper, a pen and books. Be sure you understand what you should learn before you start. Read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things. When memorizing, find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing. Check your homework after you finish it. Never forget the i
20、mportance of review and preview. 该短文分为两个自然段，第一段的第一个句子提出观点：Learning to study is not difficult. 第一段的其余部分都是在阐述分析该观点的前提条件。于是，在这一部分提炼主要意思并用if 连接起来就是第一自然段的段落大意：The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. 第二段非常明显，第一个句子即是本段的主题句。其余部分是具体内容，应删减。 但应提醒学生不可
21、照搬，应该用自己的语言换一种说法，如： He also gives us advice on how to learn well.然后把两个自然段的大意归并一起，得出短文的大意： The writer tells us that learning to study is not difficult if we are willing to learn and enjoy it. He also gives us advice on how to learn well. 最后，在概括准确、 全面的标准上， 学生可以互相交流， 感受多种表达， 比如：In the authors opinion,
22、if you are willing to learn and try your best, you ll find learning not difficult but fun. And 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载some suggestions are put forward to help us to learn well. (33 words) 接下来，以相同的阅读、分析、思考、概括（分段概括后合并）的过程让学生学习如何概括语言理解程度深一点的文章，如以下选择的文章（二）：Many
23、people go to school for an education. They learn languages, history, geography, physics, chemistry and maths. Others go to school to learn a skill so that they can make a living. School education is very important and useful. Yet no one can learn everything from school. A teacher, no matter how much
24、 he knows, cannot teach his students everything they want to know. The teacher s job is to show his students how to learn. He teaches them how to read and how to think. Much more is to be learned outside school by the students themselves. It is always more important to learn to study by oneself than
25、 to learn every word from the book. Great scientists, such as Ein stein, Newton and Galileo, didn t get everything from school. But they were all so successful. The reason for their success is that they knew how to study. They worked hard all their lives, wasting not a single moment. They would ask
26、many questions as they read and they did thousands of experiments. (概括范例：People can get knowledge and skills at schools. However, teachers job is not to teach students everything but to teach them self-study. Many great scientists succeeded because they knew how to self-study and use knowledge in pr
27、actice. ) (36W) 让学生接触学习概括语言理解程度更深的文章，如以下选择的文章（三）：The UK is currently in the early stages of introducing a National Identity Card scheme(制度 ). A debate concerning the issue is going on across the country. Those in favor think that it benefits the society. Identity cards will help to fight crime, terr
28、orism, and fraud. If the police are able to check rapidly the identities of the people near a crime scene, their investigation will be both quicker and effective. It benefits the user as well. We need to establish that people are who they claim to be. Identity cards provide additional security in a
29、modern society. Those who are against hold the view that introducing identity cards would threaten one of the most important rights of any man and woman-the right of privacy. A widely used identity card allows the state to watch closely the movements of its citizens. Identity cards for specific purp
30、ose (e.g., driving licenses) are permissible because these are limited and essentially voluntary. A compulsory universal card is not. It is inconvenient as well. It is unreasonable to expect people to 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载carry a specific card at all times
31、-sunbathing at the beach, dancing at a club etc. Perhaps worse, failure to present your card when asked could bring you in unnecessary trouble. （概括范例：The UK s National Identity Card scheme has caused a debate. Supporters believe it will make the country safer and users easier to trust each other, wh
32、ile opponents worry it will threaten peo ple s privacy and bring people inconvenience and trouble. ） (39 words) 经过方法指导和循序渐进的训练，学生对“ 无从下手 ” 的“ 30 词概括大意 ” 逐渐感到可以操作，并喜欢上这种文段文字处理，且从中获得写作的动力和满足感。四、概括短文的方法“ 任务型写作 ” 的第一个要求就是对短文进行概括，它是一个获取信息、加工信息的过程，需要严谨的思维和准确的表达能力，而且要使用自己的语言来表达。因此，“ 概括短文的内容 ” ，实际上就是客观简要地转述
33、作者的论点、论据和结论。根据不同文体，我们把它归纳为 “ 主题句 +支撑句 ” 的概括模式。不同文体，它的概括模式略有区别：文体主题句支撑句议论文论 点 （ 概 括 性的）补充论证的论据。 （对立观点式论据的补充是并列关系，句子间多用 whilehowever 等：批驳观点式论据的补充是递进关系，句子间多用whats morewhats worse moreover等；现象评论式论据的补充需要现象重点方面的多面性。记叙文叙 述 要 素 （ 时间、地点、人物、事 情 的 过 程 和结果）记叙的中心 （升华故事内涵的句子）。短文里没出现揭示规律或主观感受的内容不得发表自己的观点。说明文说明的对象对
34、象的原因或对象的说明（尽量把不同的信息点合并起来）例题 1（对立观点式的议论文）：We all love new inventions. They are exciting amazing and can change our lives. But have all these developments really improved the quality of our lives? Picture this: you re rushing to finish your homework on the computer. Your mobile phone rings, a QQ messa
35、ge from your friend appears on the screen, and the noise from the television is getting louder and louder. Suddenly the computer goes blank and you lose all your work. Now you have to stay up all night to get it done. How calm and happy do you feel? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页
36、，共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载Inventions have sped up our lives so much that they often leave us feeling stressed and tired. Why do you think people who live far away from noisy cities, who have no telephones, no cars, not even any electricity often seem to be happier? Perhaps it is because they lead simple lives.
37、 本文主要阐述了“ 发明 ” 改变了我们的生活和生活的质量。第二段讲了发明带来的方便，紧接着第三段介绍了发明拥有的缺点。综上所述，我们可以得出本文的大意：参考答案：The author discusses whether new inventions really improve the quality of our lives（主题句） . While new inventions have brought us much convenience（从第二段得出的支撑句）, they can also get us into troubles（从第三段得出的支撑句）. (28 words) 例
38、题 2（记叙文）Sept.4th, 2008 Thursday It was raining outside when I got up early in the morning. It s too bad, so I had to go to school by bus. I said to myself. It was almost seven o clock before I left home. I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop in a hurry, for I thought a lot of people might be
39、waiting there. Hardly had I gone there when a bus was coming. I got on the bus immediately, hoping it was possible for me to take a seat. I saw an empty seat and took it. But I found an old lady standing behind me. I stood up at once and was about to ask her to take the seat when a young girl I a mo
40、dern skirt made a dive for it. I could hardly believe it. I glared at her, thinking, “ What bad manners! She cares for nobody but herself. Won t she grow old in the future?”上文讲述了作者一次雨天让座给老妇人但被一个穿着时髦的年青女人抢占（make a dive for） 的故事。作者对此事感到遗憾(bad manners.)和愤怒 (glared at her. Won t she grow old in the futu
41、re?) 。参考答案： On a rainy day, the writer saw a young lady making a dive for a seat on a bus, leaving an old lady standing aside. She felt very angry and sorry about such bad manners in our society. (38words) 要提高写作能力，只知道写作技巧还不行。就像一个建楼房的人，知道怎样建房， 甚至图纸都设计好了，但是没有材料，怎能建房呢？正所谓“ 仓里有粮，心中不慌” 。所以在平时的训练中可选用以下的学习
42、方法来使文章的句子合理流畅，内容生动充实， 过渡自然， 观点明确，条理清晰，语言优美。（1） 、准备一个写作档案袋，把平时遇到的好文章、好句子和好词组剪下来放到袋子里，定期进行记忆整理。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载（2） 、加工仿写美文。学生可建立个人的范文库，根据中学阶段对写作的基本要求进行模仿性写作练习。此外，当发现一些在内容上或文字上都非常好的句、篇时， 如一些谚语， 学生应该把它们抄下来背会并学会在自己的写作中适当运用。（3） 、善于归纳。学习过程中要注意归纳总结。学生可以把一些常用于
43、写作中表示各种句子关系的词或词组及一些语篇衔接标志（如连接词）进行归纳。区分它们的用法，并对不同关系的连接词进行归类，这样写作时可信手拈来。如递进关系（besides, whats more, in addition, moreover, to make matters worse, what s worse, furthermore 等） ；转折关系（however, but, while, in spite of, otherwise等） ； 个人观点 （in my opinion, personally, as far as I m concerned, as for me, from
44、my personal point of view 等） ；总结（ in short, in a word, on the whole, all in all, to sum up briefly, in general, in conclusion等）其它（for one thing, for another, last but not least, each coin has two sides, according to, compare to, on the one hand, on the other hand, as a matter of fact 等） 。（4） 、建立个人写作
45、模式，并逐渐形成自己的写作风格。（5） 、关注重点语言知识和一些比较地道的英语表达方式，并把它们进行整理，学会使用。（如 fail to do sth, sth occurred to sb, available, obtain 等的使用）（6） 、学会扩展句子。如分析句子的主干，中间加一个定语从句进去，或改成名词性从句，或改成状语从句、并列句还有非谓语的使用等等。五、 20072011 年广东高考真题20XX 年读写任务（共1 小题，满分25 分）阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150 左右的英语短文。Dear An, As you sleep in my arms, Im amazed
46、at how light you feel. I stare at your tiny body, so fragile that a sudden wind could lift you up into the air. I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming of all I have in store for you. I intend to bring you up to be brave and successful in an often difficult society. Thats why your mommy a
47、nd I have named you Ari, which means “ lion” . It s our hope that you will grow strong and eagerly grasp even opportunity to do well for yourself and others. Before you came into the world, we had spent months imagining what youd be like. Would 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 17
48、 页学习必备欢迎下载you be a boy or a girl? Would you look like Mommy, Daddy or your elder brothers? Anyway, we would find out soon. Finally your mothers labor came. And several hours later, we met the first time. I held you high up in the air. I then was able to cut your umbilical cord (脐带 ) and put you in y
49、our mothers arms. She still had enough energy to radiate the love while she pressed you to her face. And here we are tonight. As I hold you close, you sleep so peacefully. 1 press my ear to your chest and hear your strength. I am listening to the first beats of a lions heart. Welcome to the world, A
50、ri. Love, Daddy 写作内容 假设你就是信中的Ari ，父亲在你出生的时候写了这封信。今天是父亲50 岁生日，你准备以写信的方式，祝贺他的生日。以下是信的内容(信的开头和结尾已经为你写好)：1以约 30 个词概括父亲在他信中对你的期望；2以约 120 个词表达你对父亲的感恩，并包括如下要点：(1) 读信后的感受；(2) 以你自己成长的经历说明你的感受；(3) 表达你对父亲的感激和祝福。范文：Dear Dad, In your letter, you wished me to be strong-minded and successful. You were looking forw