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1、Computer language Basic Requirements +1 FirstlyuTranslate each sentence into chineseuAnalyse each appointed complex sentenceuAnswer questions Secondly uAnswer appointed questions Done it very well +2 Programming Language Computer programs can be written in a variety of different languages. Different
2、 languages are optimized for different tasks. Common languages include Java, C, C+,ForTran, Pascal, Lisp, and BASIC. Some people classify languages into two categories,higher-level and lower-level. These people would consider assembly language and machine language lower-level languages and all other
3、 languages higher-level. In general,higher-level languages can be either interpreted or compiled; many languages allow both, but some are restricted to one or the other. Many people do not consider machine language and assembly language at all when talking about programming languages. What kind of l
4、aguages are considered by some people high-level ones? Assembly Language Assembly language is essentially machine language that has had some of the numbers replaced by somewhat easier to remember mnemonics in an attempt to make it more human-readable. The program that converts assembly language to m
5、achine language is called an assembler. While assembly language predates FORTRAN, it is not typically what people think of when they discuss computer languages.Machine Language Machine language consists of the raw numbers that can be directly understood by a particular processor. Each processors mac
6、hine language will be different from other processors machine language. Although called machine language, it is not usually what people think of when talking about computer languages. Machine language dressed up with mnemonics to make it a bit more human-readable is called assembly language. What is
7、 the difference between assembly language and machine language?Machine language will be finally translated into a kind of language that processor could identify. BASIC The Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code is a computer language developed by Kemeny & Kurtz in 1964. Although it is tradi
8、tionally interpreted, compilers exist for many platforms. While the interpreted form is typically fairly slow, the compiled form is often quite fast, usually faster than Pascal. The biggest problem with BASIC is portability; versions for different machines are often completely unlike each other; Ami
9、gaBASIC at first glance looks more like Pascal, for example. Portability problems actually go beyond even the cross platform level; in fact, most machines have multiple versions of incompatible BASICs available for use. The most popular version of BASIC today is called Visual Basic. Like all BASICs
10、it has portability issues, but it has some of the advantages of an authoring system so it is relatively easy to use. Why is that said portability problems actually go beyond even the cross platform level ? C C is one of the most popular computer languages in the world, and quite possibly the most po
11、pular. It is a compiled language widely supported on many platforms. It tends to be more portable than FORTRAN but less portable than Java; it has been standardized by ANSI as ANSI Colder versions are called either K&R C or Kernighan and Ritchie C (in honor of Cs creators), or sometimes just classic
12、 C. Fast and simple, it can be applied to all manner of general purpose tasks. C compilers are made by several companies,but the free GNU version (gcc) is still considered one of the best. Newer C-like object-oriented languages include both Java and C+.C+ C+ is a compiled object-oriented language. B
13、ased heavily on C, C+ is nearly as fast and can often be thought of as being just C with added features. It is currently probably the most popular object-oriented language, but it has the drawback of being fairly complexthe much simpler but somewhat slower Java has recently been gaining on it. Which
14、 laguage is the most portable among C, Fortran and Java?What is “free GNU version (gcc) ”?C+ is believed to be C with added features because it is heavily based on C and is nearly as fast. Pascal Named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, Pascal is a language designed by Niklaus Wirth originally i
15、n 1968 (and heavily revised in 1972) mostly for purposes of education and training people how to write computer programs. It is a typically compiled language but is still usually slower than C or FORTRAN. Wirth also created a more powerful object-oriented Pascal-like language called Modula-2.Java A
16、computer language designed to be both fairly lightweight and extremely portable. It is tightly bound to the web as it is the primary language for web applets. There has also been an OS based on Java for use on small hand-held, embedded, and network computers. It is called JavaOS. Java can be either
17、interpreted or compiled. For web applet use it is almost always interpreted. While its interpreted form tends not to be very fast, its compiled form can often rival languages like C+ for speed. It is important to note however that speed is not Javas primary purpose-it is considered secondary to port
18、ability and ease of use. Why is java bound to the web? Which is faster,its interpreted or compiled form for java? Which is the primary purpose for Java,speed,portability or ease to use? JavaScript JavaScript (in spite of its name) has nothing whatsoever to do with Java. JavaScript is an interpreted
19、language built into a browser to provide a relatively simple means of adding interactivity to Web pages. It is only supported on a few different browsers, and tends not to work exactly the same on different versions. Thus its use on the Internet is somewhat restricted to fairly simple programs. On i
20、ntranets where there are usually fewer browser versions in use, JavaScript has been used to implement much more complex and impressive programs. JavaScript is heavily based on java.JavaScript is built into a browser and can add interactivity to Web pages somwhat easily.JavaScript is widely used in t
21、he Internet. FORTRAN FORTRAN stands for formula translation and is the oldest computer language in the world. It is typically compiled and is quite fast. Its primary drawbacks are portability and ease-of-use often different FORTRAN compilers on different platforms behave quite differently in spite o
22、f standardization efforts in 1966 (FORTRAN 66 or FORTRAN IV)1978 (FORTRAN 77), and 1991 (FORTRAN 90).Today languages like C and Java are more popular, but FORTRAN is still heavily used in military software. It is somewhat amusing to note that when FORTRAN was first released back in 1958 its advocate
23、s though that it wound mean the end of software bugs. In truth of course by making the creation of more complex software practical, computer languages have merely created new types of software bugs. Where is FORTRAN heavily used?What are advantages and disadvantages of FORTRAN?What kind of problems
24、will arise in the course of making the creation of more complex software practical? Perl Perl is an interpreted language extremely popular for Web applications.LISP LISP stands for list processing and is the second oldest computer language in the world. Being developed in 1959, it lost the title to
25、FORTRAN by only a few months. It is typically interpreted, but compilers are available for some platforms. Attempts were made to standardize the language, and the standard version is called ”Common LISP”. There have also been efforts to simplify the language, and the result of these efforts is anoth
26、er language called Scheme. LISP is a fairly portable language, but is not particularly fast.Today, LISP is most widely used with AI software. Perl is a compiled laguage popular for Web applicationsLISP is no longer used by programmers.What is the relation between LISP,Common LISP and Scheme? Pascal
27、Named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, Pascal is a language designed by Niklaus Wirth originally in 1968 (and heavily revised in 1972) mostly for purposes of education and training people how to write computer programs. It is a typically compiled language but is still usually slower than C or
28、FORTRAN. Wirth also created a more powerful object-oriented Pascal-like language called Modula-2.Java A computer language designed to be both fairly lightweight and extremely portable. It is tightly bound to the web as it is the primary language for web applets. There has also been an OS based on Ja
29、va for use on small hand-held, embedded, and network computers. It is called JavaOS. Java can be either interpreted or compiled. For web applet use it is almost always interpreted. While its interpreted form tends not to be very fast, its compiled form can often rival languages like C+ for speed. It
30、 is important to note however that speed is not Javas primary purpose-it is considered secondary to portability and ease of use. Why is java bound to the web? Which is faster,its interpreted or compiled form for java? Which is the primary purpose for Java,speed,portability or ease to use? COBOL The
31、Common Business Oriented Language is a language developed back in 1959 and still used by some businesses. While it is relatively portable, it is still disliked by many professional programmers simply because COBOL programs tend to be physically longer than equivalent programs written in almost any o
32、ther language in common use.Logo Logo is an interpreted language designed by Papert in 1966 to be a tool for helping people (especially kids) learn computer programming concepts. In addition to being used for that purpose, it is often used as a language for controlling mechanical robots and other si
33、milar devices. Logo interfaces even exist for building block / toy robot sets. Logo uses a special graphics cursor called the turtle, and Logo is itself sometimes called Turtle Graphics. Logo is quite portable but not particularly fast. Versions can be found on almost every computer platform in the
34、world. Additionally, some other languages (notably some Pascal versions) provide Logo-like interfaces for graphics-intensive programming. COBOL is relatively portable,so it is liked by many professional programmers. Equivalent programs written in COBOL are physically longer than those written in oth
35、er languages. Helping people(especially kids)learn computer programming concepts is the unique purpose of Logo. What kind of laguages are considered by some people high-level ones? All the languages except assembly language and machine language. What is the difference between assembly language and m
36、achine language? machine language has had some of the numbers replaced by somewhat easier to remember mnemonics ,so its more human-readable. Or Machine language dressed up with mnemonics to make it a bit more human-readable is called assembly language. Machine language will be finally translated int
37、o a kind of language that processor could identify. False. Machine language consists of the raw numbers that can be directly understood by a particular processor. Why is that said portability problems actually go beyond even the cross platform level ? Because,in fact, most machines have multiple ver
38、sions of incompatible BASICs available for use. That is to said, on the same machine, it is possible that all BASIC programs of different version cannot run Which laguage is the most portable among C,Fortran and Java? Java is. C tends to be more portable than FORTRAN but less portable than Java. Wha
39、t is “free GNU version (gcc) ”? A kind of C compilers . C+ is believed to be C with added features because it is heavily based on C and is nearly as fast. True Why is java bound to the web? Because it is the primary language for web applets. Which is faster,its interpreted or compiled form for java?
40、 Its compiled form is faster Which is the primary purpose for Java,speed,portability or ease to use? Portability and ease of use is the primary purpose for Java. JavaScript is heavily based on java. False. JavaScript (in spite of its name) has nothing whatsoever to do with Java. JavaScript is built
41、into a browser and can add interactivity to Web pages somewhat easily. True. JavaScript is widely used in the Internet. False. It is only supported on a few different browsers, and tends not to work exactly the same on different versions. Thus its use on the Internet is somewhat restricted Where is
42、FORTRAN heavily used today? FORTRAN is heavily used in military software today. What are advantages and disadvantages of FORTRAN? Advantages: compiled language and quite fast. Disadvantages:portability and ease-of-use What kind of problems will arise in the course of making the creation of more comp
43、lex software practical? New types of software bugs will be created. Perl is a compiled laguage popular for Web applications False.Perl is an interpreted language extremely popular for Web applications. LISP is no longer used by programmers. False.Today, LISP is most widely used with AI software. Wha
44、t is the relation between LISP,Common LISP and Scheme? standard version of Perl is called ”Common LISP”. Simplified version of Perl is called Scheme COBOL is relatively portable,so it is liked by many professional programmers. False.While it is relatively portable, it is still disliked by many profe
45、ssional programmers simply because Equivalent programs written in COBOL are physically longer than those written in other languages. True. Helping people(especially kids)learn computer programming concepts is the unique purpose of Logo. False. In addition to being used for that purpose, it is often used as a language for controlling mechanical robots and other similar devices.