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1、首字母阅读专项突破l 知识点：首字母填空的基本要求和特点 首字母填空类短文题是近几年中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。这种题型因难度相对较大，考生失分现象比较严重。学生要仔细阅读全文，利用上下文提供的有关信息，再仔细阅读相关句子，判断所缺单词的句子成分，才能完成练习。首字母
2、填空类短文题是中考试卷中最难的题型，最能测量考生实际运用语言的能力。要做好此类题目，考生不但要有较强的语感，善于体会上下文的内在联系，而且要有扎实的语言知识储备和较大的词汇量。l 知识点：首字母填空的考查范围和中考趋势 从近几年的考题来看，短文填空题所考查的单词涉及的词性范围较广，几乎涉及到了十大词类；文中所涉及的语言知识面较宽，学生需运用已学过的词法、句法及常用词组、短语、惯用法等知识进行具体分析后再答题，有一定的难度。文章短小、精致，字数通常在100150之间。短文的体裁不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文等。短文题材丰富，内容通俗易懂，与现代生活紧密相关，如：英国人分期付款购房；度假回来的路上
3、买家具的小故事；食物对不同年龄段的人的不同影响；被驯化的动物可以为人们做事情等，可读性、趣味性强，符合初中生的认知特点。l 知识点：首字母填空的解题基本步骤1. 通读短文全文，抓住高频词，把握大意短文中虽有一些词未知，但不影响对文章主要内容的理解。在初步阅读中，可以跳过空格，尽量捕捉文章所提供的内容信息，以及语法结构方面的提示，有助于下一步的分析与判断。 因此，我们在做题时，一定要先掌握文章的中心大意。从中获取文章的基本结构、体裁、主题及所使用的时态等相关信息。为正确而高效答题提供坚实的基础与保障。2. 确定词性，缩小选词范围通读全文、掌握大意后，瞻前顾后，结合空格前后的内容，从语法、句法及固
4、定搭配等方面，确定空格所填词性。从文意中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系，尤其是一些不易察觉的、隐含的微妙关系，用已知信息去获取未知信息，以便初步确定词性。如 （money）n., 处可能填写的词性？具体到文章，联系上下文，结合句子成分等语法可得： 处可以填写 v. /prep./ adj. / n./art. earn money for money(work for money)以此类推，要缜密的分析，然后确定词性；3. 仔细推敲，判断题目类型并选出正确词汇词性判断正确，大大缩小选词范围，重要的一步是分析题目类型。所谓题目类型指的是题目的考察能力及内容。1）语法题:考查学生的语
5、法技能，如 the boy asked me loudly w he would be offered the job. 宾语从句的引导词，whether；2）句法题:句法题,主要从句子成分的角度判定所填词汇；如the boy tells me loudly w he thinks is the key point. 宾语从句的引导词，what；3）逻辑题:考查学生的逻辑推理及理解能力；A month later, Christopher hadnt heard from Jeff or received any money, s_ he phoned him.注意句子前后句间的逻辑关系，这里
6、是因果关系，所以填so；4）上下文语意题:主要从句子成分的角度判定所填词汇；5）常识题: 如Berlin is the c of the united Germany.依常识可知柏林是德国的首都，因此答案为：capital；6）固定搭配题: 如 i of; 空格出应填写 instead。4. 确定词汇的正确形式词选对了，并不代表正确答案，而要再次确定是否是填写的正确形式。如果是名词，应注意其数的变化及所有格的变化；如果是动词，需注意根据其在句中的语法功能确定其正确的时态、语态及非谓语动词形式；如果是形容词、副词，要注意其级的变化；如果是代词，要注意其主格与宾格、形容词性与名词性物主代词、反身代
7、词等的变化；如果是连词，要注意其在并列句、状语从句、宾语从句中的用法等。批注：填入的词既能使句意通顺，又能做到语法、用词搭配的正确。如bought易误答成buy；lights易误答成light；reaches易误答成reach; heavier易误答成heavy等。 因此，在初步确定答案后，一定还要反复考虑，仔细推敲，确保用词准确。5. 注意首字母填空中的关键性小词or/and/butor/and前后的词性一致，词义相反或相近；happy and cheerful; sadness and happiness；but 前后的词性一致，词义相反。6复读全文，全面检查 答题完毕后复读全文，进行核查
8、是必不可少的。做完题后，一定要认真检查，尽量减少粗心所致的笔误或拼写错误，对有疑问的地方，更要根据文章的内容、上下文的语法结构、逻辑发展进行反复斟酌，这样才能尽量避免失分。填完所有单词后，不可孤立地逐个词检查，而应复读全文，仔细检查自己所填的词是否符合文章的情景内容，读起来是否顺畅，是否合乎句法，单词拼写是否有误，单词形式是否正确等，发现问题及时更正。l 知识点：首字母填空之解题技巧1. 依据习惯用法与固定搭配，填出简单项例1：Houston passed a on February 11, 2012. The cause of her death is still unknown.【解析】：
9、根据空格上下文，空格处想要表达的是Houston去世的日期，容易想到固定搭配：pass away,所填词汇属于虚词，不需要注意其特殊形式。【答案】：away例2：In some cultures, h , receiving money can make people uncomfortable.【解析】：根据空格处的句型结构，容易想到however的习惯用法，作为插入语来表达转折的含义，带入原文，前文与下文之间实属转折的关系，故填写正确，however也属虚词，不需要注意其特殊的形式。【答案】：however例3：I only hope t you have enough love and
10、friends that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it. 【解析】：观查整个句子，空格前为hope容易想到空格处可能是考查hope的习惯用法，hope to do或者hope that接句子的用法，想到用that来替代，后面句子结构完整。【答案】：that例4：Often, your headache is from your too much a 81 paid to one thing.【解析】：此题考查的是固定搭配：pay attention to 的变形形式，一般学生难以发现是此词组，这就要求学生要对整个句子能够
11、分析的透彻。与此相类似的用法还有take action to do sth等词组中带有名词的动词短语，容易被出题者变形为被动语态或者诸如此题的定语出现的情形。【答案】：attention批注：引导学生依据习惯用法与固定搭配进行填词，特殊句子结构要牢记；并且注意实词的形式。2. 依据词性填写：注意词性变化，时态，语态名词：要点注意名词单复数和属格判断填写名词的基本方法：名词区别于其他此类的基本特征即是：名词前可以加上冠词。例1：She didnt feel happy with her husband. The c often quarreled or even fought with each
12、 other and she began to take drugs(毒品). 【解析】：首先根据空格前后的结构，一般只有名词前才有定冠词the, 而后，often缺少一个可以作为主语的动作执行者，可以判定此处填写名词，而紧接着的上文讲到的是Huston的婚姻，且后有fought with each other，一词用来表达两个人，容易想到是用couple 这个名词。【答案】：couple例2：If someone has thought about a g for me, it always makes me happy.” 【解析】：空格前有不定冠词a，可以确定此处填写的是可数名词的单数形
13、式，这是可数名词的基本特性。通观全文，讲的是关于付出和给予的内容，容易想到的是gift这个单词，如果有人想过要去给我一个礼物的话，我会因此很开心。【答案】：gift例3：Carrots are grown on farms and in small family gardens all over the world. It is one of the most popular sweet v .【解析】：首先根据句子来判断词性，空格所在的句子有一个很明显的句子：one of the most.形容词的最高级修饰名词的结构，判断出空格处为一个名词，接着根据上一句作为主旨句的句子，讲的是carro
14、t，接着解释说明，而胡萝卜属于蔬菜这一大类，故容易想到此处填写的是vegetable,同时要注意“one of+the+最高级+名词复数”（最的之一）结构，所以填写vegetables。【答案】：vegetables例4：Li Feng quickly picked it up to answer the call. It was from a good friend of his m .【解析】：首先依然是判断词性，his属物主代词，并可以判断此处是形容词性物主代词，后面需要加上名词，填写时务必需要注意名词的所有格形式，此处属于典型的a friend of .的结构，符合名词的双重所有格结构
15、，他的妈妈的一个朋友，故填写mothers。来源:Z.xx.k.Com【答案】：mothers动词：需要注意时态、语态及非谓语动词判断是否是动词的基本方法：不管句子的类型如何，英语中每个句子都有一个核心动词，去掉充当句子修饰部分的“枝叶”，留下的骨干部分，看是否为一个完整的句子，是否缺少一个核心骨动词。其他诸如助动词后加动词原形，情态动词须和动词等小的知识点不再赘述，在讲解动词专题时带着详述。例1：Houston began singing with New Jersey churchs choir (唱诗班) at age 11. Later, she began performing wi
16、th her mother in the New York City, she was d by Clive Davishead of the Arista Records.【解析】：首先判断空格处需要填写的词性：空格处前为be，后为by，可以看出是动词被动语态的结构，接下来根据句意“Houston在11岁时开始唱歌，然后和妈妈在纽约表演，后来成为明星，这里是解释如何走上明星之路的，是被某唱片公司的老总。，容易想到是被发现，发掘的，填写单词discover，规则动词的被动：discovered。【答案】：discovered例2：Drink a bottle of warm water. Ma
17、ny people do not r that the dry air in their working place can be a danger because of the lack(缺少) of water. 【解析】：首先，本句缺乏谓语动词，且在一般现在时，助动词后用动词的原形。、其次，根据句意来猜测此空的单词，工作中空气太干燥可能是潜在的危险，这一事实是很多人不知道，不了解的，对这方面的没有意识的，所以用realize这个词。【答案】：realize批注:realize是中考首字母填空常考词汇，提醒考生考前应温习一些中考常考的单词和固定搭配。例3：Therapy animals g
18、o into h 74 and nursing homes. These animals lower the stress levels of people who are very sick or who have just had operations. They also encourage people to recover. 【解析】：根据这个空的位置判断，此处应该填一个和nursing homes并列的地点名词，再根据后面说鼓励人们恢复，可以联想起用hospital。因为跟nursing homes并列，所以应该也是复数。【答案】：hospitals批注：提醒学生在日常学习和练习中
19、要多注意积累同义词。此外还需主语首字母填空容易受到短文题材的影响而用一些书面语更强的词汇。形容词，副词：需要注意比较级和最高级形容词用来修饰名词，位于名词前,代词，位置可前可后，或者出现在系动词后，构成系表结构；若出现the _ +名词，even_或 _than.一般可认为是形容词，根据是形容词区别于其他词类的特性（比较级或最高级）。副词和形容词相似，也有比较级和最高级，一般用来修饰动词。但是程度副词，频率副词等往往也是考查重点。常考的副词有：表强调的副词only，even，especially，still，also，always，almost，already；表否定的 hardly，neve
20、r，seldom，rarely等；句中用逗号隔开的however，句后的again，together，altogether，instead，soon，anywhere等，句前的sometimes，usually等。平时同学们在做题时多留心，多总结高频出现的词，对增加做题的信心很有帮助。例1：The woman explained that she was b 68 and that the dog Hampton acted as her eyes, helping her navigate (引导) her way a 69 the city. 【解析】：首先，根据文章的句义，狗相当于她的眼
21、睛，说明这个人失明的。【答案】：blind, around来源:Z+xx+k.Com例2：Hampton is m 71 than a pet. He helps me do the things that I need to do in the city,” the woman explained.【解析】：根据空格后面的than判断，此空应该填一个比较级，根据句子意思，Hampton 不只是一条狗，还是一个助手，所以填more than。【答案】：more例3：Warm days and cool nights are the b time to grow great tasty carr
22、ots. The quickest way to know if a carrot is ready to be harvested(收获) is to see its color.（2012年南京白下区一模）【解析】：空格在名词前，可以想到是形容词，再者，空格前有the, 可以想到所用的是形容词的最高级，并且是短音节形容词的比较级或者是特殊形容词的最高级；而且根据后一句 the quickest同样也可以想到是用形容词的最高级，且表达的褒义词，所以不难的想到是好的时间，最好的时间best time。【答案】：best批注：提醒学生注意整理修饰比较级和最高级的词汇，如修饰比较级的even，mu
23、ch，a lot，a bit，a little，still，far等。例4：Alana was on the diet or two months. Her doctor was pleased with her. “ You have been very good,” he said “ You can eat some of the foods you like best. But only a little. Dont eat too many sweets.If you do, you will get a lot of weight a_. “ But when you eat it
24、, it makes you sick. Its not a good food for you.” “ You are right，” said Frank. “ Well, Ill eat more cake i_. 【解析】：此题中出现的两题填副词，都在句末，分析句子不缺少主要成分，基本确定填副词，再略微看一下上下文，基本确定填again 及instead。【答案】：again 及instead代词: 注意人称代词，物主代词，和反身代词在首字母填空中常填的是不定代词和反身代词，我们如果能够正确地分析句子所缺成分，这类填词很容易得分。另外，代词的填写主要集中在人称代词，物主代词以及反身代词
25、。例1：“When someone gives me money, it just makes me think theyre being lazy,” says John Wilson. “In England, we have a saying: Its the thought that counts. When s gives me money,it just makes me think theyre being lazy,” says John Wilson.【解析】：此题属于相对较简单的题，根据上下文可以明显的看出是填写someone，somebody提醒注意复合不定代词也有属格之
26、说，即也有someones, anyones等的用法，注意判断后是否接有名词，且是否与名词之间有所属关系，有则用属格，如：Is this someones seat?【答案】：someone/somebody例2：E_ went wrong at the station. People were late and they were panicking（惊恐）！【解析】：首先，本句缺少主语，主语不是“sb”就是“sth.”，其次，根据后半句People were late and they were panicking（惊恐）！可简单判断出第一句表述的“一切都除了问题”，所以此处可填every
27、thing或everybody。【答案】：everything/everybody例3：If you cant get to sleep after half an hour , get up and do s_ quiet, like reading .【解析】：本句动词do后缺少宾语sth.，加上后面又有形容词提示，因为只有不定代词才可以放在形容词前，确定填something。【答案】：something连词：注意在复合句中的用法连词在首字母填空中经常出现，是用来连接一个从句的，在分析确定填连词后，翻译一下上下句，连词就可以确定了。常考的连词有b开头的but，because，before；
28、u开头的until和unless；wh-的宾语从句的连接词；以及although，though，so等。判断是否为连词，看两个句子是否为完整的句子，若完整，再看两个句子之间的关系：并列，转折等，从而选择相应的连词；有些既是副词又是连词的词（如：when）,注意平时整理此类词在首字母填空中的常考词性。例1：T some people were not satisfied with Houstons acting, the film was a great success, making more than $410 million worldwide. 【解析】：空格后的句子完整，不缺少句子成分
29、，且与后一句之间用的是逗号连接，说明此处复合从句，观查两个句子之间的关系，能够看出是属于转折的关系：虽然人们不满于Houston的演技，但是电影却很成功。【答案】：Though例2：However, he lost heart w_ a lovely young woman opened the door.【解析】：空格前后句子仍然是完整的，不缺少句子成分，可以判定是连词，容易想到是用when，当的时候，此处用作连词。【答案】：when例3：A month later, Christopher hadnt heard from Jeff or received any money, s_ he
30、 phoned him.【解析】：he phoned him是一个句子，前面又是个逗号，确定其为前句的从句，翻译一下句意就知道两句是因果关系：Christopher没有收到Jeff的来信，或任何钱，所以他打电话给他了，由此确定【答案】。【答案】：so例4：And even if you arent very rich, you want people to think that you are. That is w_ “Keeping up with the Joneses” is about. 【解析】：“Keeping up with the Joneses” is about是That
31、is 后的表语从句，w是连接词，分析后句about 后缺少宾语，应填疑问代词who或what， 再分析前句you want people to think that you are为sth. 确定填what。【答案】：what近三年九年级上期末首字母汇编年份/区域主题文章类型2017-2018玄武A three-day communication for Chinese Spring Festival议论文2017-2018鼓楼Spring Festival夹叙夹议类2016-2017玄武Shyness记叙文2016-2017鼓楼Honesty or dishonesty议论文2015-201
32、6玄武Tolerance议论文2015-2016鼓楼Water or food for astronauts议论文来源:Zxxk.Com【2017-2018学年南京市玄武区九年级上学期期末】A three-day celebration for the coming Chinese Spring Festival started last Saturday in central Japanese city of Nagoya.The celebration was h_66_ on Hisaya Square in downtown Nagoya, where red lanterns and
33、 f_67_ were hung high and people cheered in a festival atmosphere.A record high of 78 booths(展台) were set up around the square, selling traditional Chinese foods, i_68_ dumplings, sugar-coated haws and others.A n_69_ of Chinese and Japanese artists performed(表演) on an amazing stage set up at one end
34、 of the square, such as face-changing stunt of Sichuan opera, acrobatics and lion dances.“Spring Festival is a traditional h_70_ in China to celebrate the Lunar New Year. It is hoped that the festival celebrations here would improve both understanding and f_71_ between people in China and Japan,” sa
35、id Deng Wei, Chinese consul general in Nagoya.Ichiro Hirosawa, vice mayor of Nagya city, said the Spring Festival celebrations here have attracted plenty of v_72_ from Nagoya and neighboring areas and have p_73_ great chances for Japanese people to get in touch with Chinese culture.Overseas Chinese
36、have been holding Chinese Lunar New Year celebrations in Nagoya s_74_ 2007. The celebration has become an important platform(平台) for l_75_ people to learn more about Chinese culture and improve both understanding and cultural exchanges between central Japan and China.【答案】66. held; 67. flags; 68. inc
37、luding; 69. number; 70. holiday; 71. friendship;72. visitors; 73. provided 74. since 75. local【解析】71. 根据上下文It is hoped that the festival celebrations here would improve both understanding and f_71_ between people in China and Japan可知本题答案为友谊friendship。72. 根据上下文可知此处是喜迎许多游客，故本题答案为visitors。73. 根据下文for J
38、apanese people to get in touch with Chinese culture可知此处考查固定搭配providefor，故本题答案为provide。学科网74. 根据前文可知是自2007年以来，故本题答案为since。75. 根据上学文可知当地人，故本题答案为local。【2017-2018学年南京市鼓楼区九年级上学期期末】Teachers and students are very happy. Why? Because the winter holiday is coming and the most important t 86 festival, Spring
39、Festival is also on the way. At present, more and more Chinese focus on the traditional festivals, which belong to all Chinese people with strong Chinese color. A 87 them, Spring Festival is the most important.It falls on the f 88 day in the lunar calendar. Since it is at the end of winter and the b
40、eginning of spring, people call it Spring Festival. Chinese have many traditional customs relating to it. Since 23rd December in lunar calendar, people start to p 89 for the event. Every family will do some cleaning, do their Spring Festival s 90 in supermarkets, decorate their houses, put up Spring
41、 Festival couplets and also get ready all kinds of food for the big farewell dinner on New Years Eve.New Years Eve is the time for all the family members to g 91 to have a big dinner, talking and laughing until daybreak, which is called “staying up to see the year out”. Every year, the Spring Festiv
42、al Gala on CCTV is covered l 92 . Many people look forward to watching it. People can take part in the guessing games through WeChat, sending text m 93 and so on when they are watching the gala. S 94 off fireworks once was the favourite activity of children. According to the legend, this could drive
43、 off evil monster called nian. With the development of the times, some changes have taken place. For example, to prevent environmental p 95 , fireworks are not allowed in many big cities.For Chinese at home and abroad, the Spring Festival is always the most important.【答案】86. traditional 87. Among88.
44、 first 89. prepare 90. shopping91. gather 92. live 93. messages 94. Setting 95. pollution【解析】89. 根据Every family will do some cleaning, do their Spring Festival s 90 in supermarkets, decorate their houses, put up Spring Festival couplets and also get ready all kinds of food for the big farewell dinne
45、r on New Years Eve可知此处为准备，故本题答案为prepare。90. 根据上下文可知是在超市购物，故本题答案为shopping。91. 根据all the family members可知是家人团聚，故本题答案为gather。92. 本题考查固定搭配be covered live直播，故本题答案为live。93. 根据上下文可知此处为发短信，故本题答案为messages。94. 根据下文的fireworks可知是点燃烟花，故本题答案为Setting。95. 根据下文fireworks are not allowed in many big cities可知是表示环境污染，故本
46、题答案为pollution。【2016-2017学年南京市玄武区九年级上学期期末】Youre standing with your classmates. E 66 is talking except you. Perhaps youre afraid they will laugh at when you say. Maybe you just arent b 67 enough to speak.Shyness is like a snake that crawls（爬进）into our mouth and s 68 us speaking. But we shouldnt let it stay there.I am 29 years old. Even today, that snake still sometimes v 69 me. When I was in high school, I was so shy that I wouldnt talk to anyone e 70 my parents and best friends. If a stranger asked me the way to a local shop, it was as if Id forgotten how to talk. One summer, I got a