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1、 图表类作文图表题的五种类型图表题的五种类型tableline graphbar chartpie chartprocess diagram表格题表格题线图线图柱状图柱状图饼状图饼状图流程图流程图Note:图表题和议论文最根本的差异就是图表图表题和议论文最根本的差异就是图表题是客观性写作而议论文是主观性写作。题是客观性写作而议论文是主观性写作。n常用动词词汇：常用动词词汇：n上升：increase， rise ，grow, soar,shoot upne.g: the number of population increased/ ascended/ mounted to(by)n下降： de
2、crease ，fall ，drop ，descend ，decline ，reduce ，plungene.g: the number of population decreased /declined to(by)n平稳：remain stable ，steady，gradual,stay/remain/maintain/keep/be the same ne.g: the number of population mounted and leveled off at 7 millionn the number of population stayed stable at 5 millio
3、nn波动：fluctuate ，rise and falls up and down ne.g:the number of population fluctuated between 2 and 10 millionn最高点：reach the peak, reach the highest point, reach the zenithne.g: the number of population reached the peak at 8 millionn最低点：reach the bottomne.g: After decreasing, the number of population
4、bottomed out at 4 million.n占据：occupy， take up ，account forn表复苏：recover, bounce backne.g:the number of population recovered from 2 million常用形容词和副词变化程度常用形容词和副词变化程度abrupt(ly),sudden(ly),dramatic(ally),drastic(ally),sharp(ly)quick(ly),rapid(ly),marked(ly),significant(ly)considerable(considerably),substa
5、ntial(ly),moderate(ly)gradual(ly),slight(ly),enormous(ly), vast(ly)图表时间的表达：图表时间的表达：1.in + 月月/年年2.between and3. from to4. over the period fromto5. in the year between and6.in the 3 years spanning from 2001 through 20047.for the first 3 months8.for/during/over the next/ following 6 months9.for/during/
6、over/in the of 4 months10.for/during/over/in a 4-month period11.over/for/during the same period12.from then on/ from this time/ point onwards/since then13.by the year of14. after/before+年年/月月一、如何描述数据的上升或下降一般来说，有两种句式表达数据的上升或下降。a. 描述对象+表示增长或减少的动词+程度副词+数据+时间点b. There was a + 表示程度的形容词+表示增长或减少的名词+数据+时间点E
7、xample:c. The birth rate in China increased steadily from about 10 percent in 1920 to just over 15 percent in 1935, followed by a sharp decline to nearly 5 percent in 1940. d. There was a steady increase in the birth rate in China from about 10 percent in 1920 to just over 15 percent in 1935,followe
8、d by a sharp decline to nearly 5 percent in 1940.句子演练：句子演练：1.根据图表中的数据，教师的人数从根据图表中的数据，教师的人数从1960年的年的500万急剧下滑到万急剧下滑到1962年年300万。万。a. According to the figure, there was a sharp decrease in the number of teachers from five million in 1960 to three million in 1962. b. According to the figure, the number o
9、f teachers decreased dramatically from five million in 1960 to (no more than) three million in 1962.2. 1979年之后，牛肉和羊肉的消费状况分别急剧下降到大约年之后，牛肉和羊肉的消费状况分别急剧下降到大约100和和55斤。斤。a. After 1979,the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 and 55 grams respectively. b. After 1979, there wa
10、s a dramatic decline in the consumption of beef and lamb to approximately 100 and 55 grams respectively.二、如何描述数据变化的总体趋势a. 描述对象+shoed a/an upward/downward trend +from+具体数据+时间点+to+具体数据+时间点b.描述对象+experienced a fall/rise + between +具体数据+时间点+and+具体数据+时间点Example: As can be seen from the line graph, the co
11、nsumption of hamburgers showed an upward trend from about 90 grams in 1970 to nearly 550 grams in 1990. By comparison, the consumption of fish and chips experienced a steady fall between just over 300 grams in the 1970 and 200 grams in 1985, followed by a slight increase to approximately 230 grams i
12、n 1990.句子演练：1.离婚的数量呈下降的趋势，从1990年的140万下降到2000年的100万。a. The number of divorces experienced a downward trend from 1.4 millions in 1990 to 1 million in 2000.b. The number of divorces experienced a fall between 1.4 millions in 1990 and 1 million in 2000.三、如何排序a. 表示总量第一或占比例第一+at +具体的数据+followed by 排名第二的对象
13、+表示占比例的词或词组+具体数据b. 表示总量第一或占比例第一+at+具体数据, while 排名第二的对象+表示占比例的词或词组+具体数据Example:c. It is clear from the pie chart that individuals should take the largest proportion of the costs of each course, at 40%, followed by the employers, accounting for 35 %. Besides, the taxpayers constituted 25%.d. However,
14、peoples preference in 1995 changed a lot. It is surprising that 27% of them started to play computer games, while 11% stopped talking with their family.描述排序会用到的词或词组表示排名第一的方式：Be on the top of the listTake the first placeRank the first表示占据比例的词：Account for, constitute, take up表示比例的词：Percentage, proport
15、ion, share四、如何表示比例1. . was 20 % of .2. was one fifth of.3. was 20 % as many/ much as4. increased/ fell byExample:5. The electricity produced from hydropower in Norway was 108.7 billion kw/h, which was almost 99% of the total in this country.6. However, in 2000, the proportion of marriage fell by app
16、roximately 11%, while that of those who were never married rose by nearly 5 %. 五、如何表示对比五、如何表示对比By contrast, / By comparisonCompared with sth,. whileA similar pattern was repeated forA sharp contrast was illustrated inOn the contrary,Contrary to.句子演练：1.从图表中可见，受到雇佣者支持的26岁以下的人所占比例最大，大约为60%，而那些26至29岁的人居
17、第二位，所占比例大约为50%。As can be seen from chart, people under 26 received the largest proportion of support from the employers, at more than 60 %, while those who were 26 to 29 took the second place, at over 50%.2.与披萨饼的消费情况相比，低收入人群似乎更喜欢汉堡包。Compared with the consumption of pizza, people in low-income group
18、seemed to enjoy more hamburgers.开头段：写开头段：写12句句改写原题改写原题增加单词、删除单词和替换单词增加单词、删除单词和替换单词1.The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relev
19、ant. 替换单词替换单词 showdescribe/ illustrate/ demonstrate/ summarise/ outline/ indicateproportionpercentagecategorieskinds/ typesfamilieshouseholdsfamilies living in povertypoor families首段翻译练习：首段翻译练习：1. 图表中显示了1992年从十月到十二月在英国年龄在4岁以上的电视观众的比例。The graph shows (relates) the percentage of television audiences o
20、ver 4 years old in the UK over the period from October to December in 1992. 2. 图中数据表明了在2002年5个不同国家全国消费者开支的比例。The figures provide information about the proportions of national consumer expenditure in five different countries in 2002. 3. 图表中显示了随机抽取的五个国家在1982年的生活水平。The table presents the standard of li
21、ving in five selected countries in the year 1982.4. 图表中显示了从1900至2000年世界范围内的用水总是的变化。The graph describes the change in the amount of water used worldwide from 1900 to 2000.5. 以上两个表格通过对比高学历与低学历对失业机率的影响的差异，表明了教育背景对于就业的重要性。The two tables indicate the essentiality of educational background to employment b
22、y comparing the distance on incidence of unemployment between the highly educated and the men with low education. 图表引入数据with 引导数据1.Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter, with a diameter nearly ten times that of Earth. 2.China is the worlds most populous country, with a population of more
23、 than 1.4 billion. 实战演练：拥有博士学位的人工资最高，但只占调查总人数的2.5%。People/Employee in Doctor degree are highest-paid, with a percentage on 2.5 of the total. 分词作状语1.The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, exceeding/ overtaking/ outnumbering that of lamb in 1980.2.Young populations had a high-than-average
24、smoking rate, followed by the mid-aged.实战演练：拥有博士学位的人工资最高，但只占调查总人数的2.5%。People in Doctor degree are highest-paid, accounting for 2.5 % of the total.括号的使用括号的使用1. With regard to government spending on education, there was a sharp reduction during the fied year-long period (223 million in 1989 versus 11
25、0 million in 1994).2. Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).主体段：1. Several reasons, in my opinions, can be identified to account for this phenomenon. 2. The reasons for this trend may involve 3. Obviously
26、, there are a number of reasons can be identified to explain this trend.4. As far as I am concerned, the fundamental reason for this trend is that5. It is evident that the causes of the present phenomenon are.Several reasons, in my opinion, can be identified to account for this phenomenon. To begin
27、with, compared with those with comparatively lower education degree, people who have received higher education possess considerably wider knowledge, more remarkable learning and research ability, greater innovation and most of all, resourceful social network, all of which are essential to a high-inc
28、ome work. Also, the higher ones education degree is the bigger platform he will have to show his ability. For example, his college, university, or research institute will organize various job fairs for them to communicate face to face with employers.Peoples opinions about investment in education dif
29、fer from person to person. Some people say that knowledge could no longer change destiny. To them, it is not only a waste of money, but also a waste of time. Others deem that education is worthy of investment. As for me it is no doubt that education offers favorable working opportunity and handsome
30、income, which enable us to buy what we want ,please what we love, and fulfill what we dream, and correspondingly we are able to build an ideal paradise where life can be enjoyed to the uttermost.Ample reasons can account for the issue of Education Pays，the following one might be the most critical .F
31、or the majority of young people, they have been always considering the education as a bothering thing to do or not a opportunity that can add color to the dull routine of every day life.So, they want to get a job as early as possible. But, as matter of fact, as the picture described, the people who
32、have learned more earn more than others. And, in the picture, the ones who have the doctoral degree earn more XXXX than the ones who have only a degree as bachelor.写作常用同义词替换写作常用同义词替换动词动词解决：解决： resolve, combat, tackle破坏：破坏：undermine, jeopardize, devastate 增进：增进： improve enhance保护：保护： protectpreserve认
33、为认为：think, believe, hold, deem, maintain, argue, assert, declare, advocate, claim, be convinced that, insist, contend, state买：买： buy purchase培养培养：cultivate, foster, nurture, boost, shape, form,develop忽略：忽略：neglect, ignoreoverlook改变改变：changealter, transform丰富，扩大丰富，扩大 enrich, expand, broaden, widen, d
34、eepen引起，导致引起，导致 cause, trigger, give rise to, bring about, result in, lead to, contribute to 恶化恶化 worsen, deteriorate, aggravate 不同意不同意 state the objection to, disapprove, vote against, be against关注，首要任务关注，首要任务 pay attention to, give priority to, attach importance to, put in the first place, place s
35、tress in, give weight to充满充满 be filled with, be teemed with, be replete with基于基于 based on, derived from名词名词人类人类优点，好处优点，好处缺点，坏处缺点，坏处在当代在当代观点观点名声，名誉名声，名誉老人老人城市居民城市居民年轻人年轻人工作，职业工作，职业污染污染the human race, humanity, man humankind, human beings, mankindbenefits, pros-cons, advantages, boons, merit, positive
36、 aspect, favorable aspect banes, disadvantages, demerit, weakness, drawback, con, negative aspect, unfavorable aspect, banein contemporary society, in present-day society, in this day and age, at present, currently, nowadays, recently, these yearsopinion= perspective, standpoint, viewfame= prestige,
37、 reputation, eminencethe old, the elderly, the retired, senior citizen, old peoplecity residents, urban dwellers, local inhabitantsthe young, young people, youngster, youths, adolescentsemployment, profession, occupationpollution, contamination形容词：形容词：有害的有害的 harmful, detrimental, pernicious, adverse
38、, baneful有好处的有好处的 conductive, beneficial, helpful, advantageous, profitable, rewarding丰富的丰富的 abundant, ample, plentiful普遍的，随处可见的普遍的，随处可见的 common, universal, ubiquitous, prevalent贫穷的贫穷的 impoverished富裕的富裕的 affluent, wealthy, prosperous, 重要的重要的 crucial, critical, vital, essential, primary, fundamental, radical吸引人的吸引人的 appealing, attractive, absorbing不可思议的不可思议的 unbelievable, inconceivable, incredible著名的著名的 famous, distinguished, eminent贪婪的贪婪的 greedy, rapacious, voracious