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1、定语从句1. 定语从句的概念：在复合句中，用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对先行词起修饰限定作用。e.g. He is the man who I want to see. 先行词关系词定语从句2. 定语从句的引导词：定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种，关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分。3. 关系代词引导的定语从句： 如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词，关系代词应用who
2、(whom, whose) 和that。e.g.This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday.(who / that在从句中作主语) 这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王。 The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that在从句中作宾语) 上周你看见的那个人已离开了城镇。 I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. (whose在从句中作定语) 我认识的那个妇女，她的丈夫是个医生。 如果先行词是表示物的名词或
3、代词时，则用which或that。e.g.Guilin is a city which / that has a history of 2000 years. (which / that在从句子中作主语)桂林是座具有2000年历史的城市。The mooncakes which / that mother cooked taste nice. (which / that在从句中作宾语)妈妈做的月饼很好吃。4. 关系代词引导定语从句应该注意的几个方面： 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。e.g. The man who lives downstairs spea
4、ks English well.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。 The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.3年级的学生明天去爬山。 当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。e.g. Mrs. Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine. 你昨天碰见的那位史密斯夫人是我的一位朋友。 This is the book (which) you are looking for.这是那本你正在找的书。 There are some fil
5、ms (that) Id like to see.有几部电影我想去看。 口语中作为宾语的关系代词whom也可用who，且也可以省略。e.g. The man (whom / who) you were talking about has come to our school.你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经来到我们学校。 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom, which之前（不可放在that之前）Page 3e.g. The man (whom) I borrowed the book from is Li Lei. The man from whom I borrowed the
6、book is Li Lei.我借书的那个人是李雷。The house (which) he lives in is quite large. The house in which he lives is quite large.他住的房子很大。应注意，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可省略，另外，若定语从句中谓语动词是固定搭配的词组，则其后的介词或副词不可前移至关系代词之前。 e.g.The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. 你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。The sick man whom she is taking
7、care of is her farther. 她在照顾的病人是她父亲。5. 关系代词只能用that的几种情况：(只作了解) 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none, the one (something除外) 等不定代词时。e.g. I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me. 我必须记住老师教给我的一切知识。 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。e.g. He was the first student that got to school today.他是今天第一个到学校的学
8、生。 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much, few等修饰时。e.g. I have done all that he told us to do. 我已完成了他让我做的一切。 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g. He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen. 他解答出我所见过最难的题目。 先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰时。e.g. I need the same dictionary that you have.我需要同你一样的字典。 先行词是两
9、个或多个分别表示人和物的名词时e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时e.g. Who is the man that you spoke to just now?你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁？6.定语从句可以简化成短语。 定语从句为被动结构，可用过去分词短语简化。e.g. I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. I bought a boo
10、k written by Lu Xun. 我买了一本鲁迅写的书。 若为主动结构，且为进行时态或从句表示经常性的动作和状态时，可用现在分词短语简化。e.g. Tell the children who are playing there not to do that. Tell the children playing there not to do that. The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987. The house standing at the corner was built in 1987. 当从句中的谓语动词表示
11、一个将要发生的动作或具有某种情态意义时，可简化为动词不定式。e.g. We have nothing that we should fear. We have nothing to fear. 我们没有什么事情可以害怕。 当从句的谓语动词后是介词短语时，可简化为介词短语作定语。e.g. The book that is on the table is expensive. The book on the table is expensive.7.关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had
12、a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)注意 一、定语从句是复合句的重要组成部分。在定语从句中不管出现什么情况，主句的结构必须完整。试比较：1. Is this farm _ they visited the day before yesterday?2. Is this the farm _ they visited the day before yesterday?A. which B. the one C. w
13、here D. what简析：第1题中主句缺少表语，只有B项才能保持主句的完整性。故选B。第2 题的主句本身已完整，应填关系代词作定语从句中及物动词visit 的宾语。所以，正确答案是A。 二、在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词在定语从句中充当了某一成分，因此，定语从句中不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如：改错： Do you remember the book that I lent it to you last week?简析：该题中的that 指代先行词book，在定语从句中充当了动词 lend 的逻辑宾语，故 it 应该删除。 三、解题时，首先要结合选项对题干
14、进行整体感知，确定定语从句的位置；根据定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，分析先行词逻辑上在定语从句中的成分，继而选出正确的选项。例如：Can you tell me the name of the factory _ you visited last week?A. what B. where C. / D. when简析：本题定语从句的主语、谓语、时间状语已具备，而visit 是个及物动词，从语义上分析，factory 作visit 的宾语。故只能选C (引导词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略）。 四、解答介词+关系代词 类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上
15、常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词 to 构成固定短语turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）。所以，D是正确选项。定语从句练习1.Watch the girl and her dog _ are crossing the bridge.A. whi
16、ch B. who C. they D. that2.Who_know him would believe him? A. whom B .thatC. whichD. who3.Which of the two cows_ you keep produces more milk?A. thatB. which C. whomD. what4.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone_ family was poor.A. of whomB. whom C. of whose D. whose5.A child _ parents are dead is
17、 called an orphan.A. which B. hisC. whose D. of whose6.The building _ windows are bright at night is our school library.A. that B. which C. whose D. of whose7.I have heard from my father,_ is in America .A. whichB. that C. whom D. who8.There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.A. of
18、that B. of which C. itsD. that9.I will hire the man _ they say is a good English speaker.A.who B. that C which D. whom10.On the way I saw a student _ I thought was your brother.A.whom B. who C. that D. he11.I can still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A.what B.
19、which C. that D. where12.I know the place _ we can have a quiet talk.A.which B. whereC. wherever D. it13.Nature,_ gives supplies of food to every creature, is great.A. who B. that C. whoseD.it14.Would you please put the box _ it belongsA.to whomB. to whichC into whichD. where15.You may take _ book y
20、ou like.A.which B. only C. whichever D.what16.China is the birth place of kites,-_ kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.A.from that B.from here C. from there D.from which17.He has to work on Sundays,_ he does not like.A. and whichB.whichC. and whenD.when18. Is this museum _ some Ge
21、rman friends visited the day before yesterday.A.Which B.thatC.whereD.the one19.John was the only one _ I had visited.A.which B. thatC.whom D.who20The doctor will speak to _ comes in firstA.whoeverB.whomeverC.whichever D.whatever21.Choose _ you think is good .A.Which B.thatC.whom D.what22.I gave him
22、a warning,_ he turned a deaf ear.A. of which B. for whichC.to thatD. to which23.This dictionary, the few pages_ are missing,is of fno use.A.among whichB.of whichC.in whichD.to which24.Give this prize to _ composition is thought excellent.A.whoever B. whosever C. whomeverD.whatever25.This is a very b
23、oy_ parents were killed in the war.A.whoB. thatC. whoseD whom26.She is one of the few girls who_ passed the examination.A.was B. were C. has D. have27.The teacher _ is at that desk over there.A.you should talk toB. you are talked to C. whom you are talkingD. whom you are talked to28.In the dark stre
24、et, there was not a single person_she could turn for help.A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom29.Who_ has common sense can believe such a superstition(A.whoB. whichC. butD. that30That is the town _ he was born.A.which B. where C. whenD. why.31That is the town _ he was born.A.which B. where C. whenD. why5