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1、难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高，无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句 ;状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态（过去分词除外），也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长
2、。英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。1） 划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句; 2）划出所有介词短语（位于be 动词后的除外） ；3） 名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词 ; 4） 非谓语动词结构看作一个整体；5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干；6） 分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。长难句分析的步骤举例：经典例题（ 2001 年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor
3、, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins. 分析 : 第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount o
4、f publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins. 第二，划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press 第三，句子的结构分析: （1） 主干结构是主语 （Lord Irvine 含同位语the Lord Chancellor ） +将来时谓语（will introduce ）名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - -
5、第 1 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - +宾语（ a draft bill ） ；（2）that 引导的定语从句修饰draft bill, 其中， will propose 是第一个谓语， making payments to witnesses illegal 是一个动名词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses 做making 的宾语， illegal 是宾补； 第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。 that can be given to a case b
6、efore a trial begins 是孕含有一个时间状语从句（before a trial begins）的定语从句，修饰publicity 。请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下70 个句子，并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过，则基本上可以解决考研长难句问题。1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine fe
7、w farmers with high yields. 结构分析 :句子的主干是This will be particularly true。since 引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that 引导的定语从句，修饰 the high-energy American fashion 。在定语从句中， that 做主语， makes 做谓语， it 做形式宾语， 不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields 则是真正的宾语 （不定式短语内部to combine 是主干，few farmers 是宾语，with high yields 是状
8、语），possible 做宾语补足语。this 指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch 译为“ 能源的匮乏 ” ;in fashion 译为 “ 用方法、方式 ” 。译文： 这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter ， we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subj
9、ects provides a“valid”or “fair”comparison. 结构分析 :句子的主干是we must be sure。since 引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter 。主句中又有that 引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or “fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词 with+which 引导的定语从句with which we ar
10、e comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为 “ 尺度、衡量标准” 。译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“ 有效的 ” 或 “ 公平的 ” 比较。3. In general， the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or pr
11、edicted can be not well defined. 结构分析 :句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when。 and连接两个并列分句， 每个并列分句中皆有一个when 引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and（ work ） least effectively 。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句what predicted。the tests是主句的主语，work 为动词做谓语。qualities 在此处是可数名词，名师资料总结 - - -精品资料
12、欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 不译为 “ 质量 ” ，而译为 “ 特征 ” 。defined 不能直译为 “ 被定义为 ” ，而应译为主动语态“ 界定 ” 。译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality ，and thus do not t
13、ell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 结构分析 :句子的框架是they do not compensate，and thus do not tell how。and 连接两个并列分句， 第二个并列分句中由how 引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中 had he grown up （=If he had grown up ）是省略了连词if 的非真实条件句。主句主语的 they，在此代指上文提到的t
14、ests; able 在句中作might have been 的表语。 underprivileged在此不能译为 “ 没有特权的 ” ，而译为 “ 没有地位的 ” 或“ 物质条件差的 ” 。译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset ： it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration hu
15、mans extend to other humans ，or with no consideration at all. 结构分析 :句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that 。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that 引导宾语从句，从句中有 either or 引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语，修饰动词be treated，其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that 或 which 的定语从句humans extend to ot
16、her humans，修饰 the consideration。it 代指上文的观点，即如果对人权没有达成一致看法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语 at the outset译为 “ 从一开始 ” 。动词 invites 应转译为 “ 使” 、“ 让” 或“ 促使 ” 。动宾结构extend consideration to 意为 “ 给予关怀或关心” ，consideration 不应译为 “ 考虑 ” 。译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。6. But even more important ，it wa
17、s the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past ，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析 :句子的框架是it was the farthest that。但 It was that 在本句中不是强调句型。it 是指上句中所提到的150 亿年前形成的巨大云团 （a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion
18、 light-years from earth ）;that 引导的应是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the farthest。for 引导的是表示原因的分句，分句中还有that 引导的定语从句，修饰the patterns and structure。译文： 但更重要的是， 这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象，因为他们看到的是 150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 7. T
19、hus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work ，and any work，under any condition ， that would keep them alive. 结构分析 :句子的框架是it h
20、appened that。it 做形式主语， that 引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由when 引导的时间状语从句， 主句为 tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers were forced，时间状语从句中从句主语the new factories 又带有一个定语从句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做 work 的定语从句。 spring up 意为 “ 发生，出现，建立” 。译文 : 于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建
21、立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市;他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条件，只要不被饿死就行。8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she wi
22、ll answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure. 结构分析 :句子的框架是we have come to believe that。 that 引导的从句做believe 的宾语从句;此从句中有一个that 从句作 the sense的同位语从句 ;同位语从句中又套嵌一个由when 引导的时间状语从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句that endure，修饰其先行词discoveries。by way of 意为 “ 经由，通过 方法 ” ;reward sb. with 意为 “ 以报答，酬劳 ” ;end ure此处
23、应译为 “ 持久，持续 ”,不要译为 “ 忍受，容忍 ” 。译文 :由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自然是可以认识的。9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it
24、is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting. 结构分析 :句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details。后面紧跟省略了if 引导的虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that，即 if it were not for the fact that ;that从句作 the fact 的同位语从句。此
25、从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先行词the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting 为过去分词短语修饰the kind of measurements。simply 译为 “ 只不过，仅仅 ” ，不应译为 “ 简单地 ” 。译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle o
26、f Archimedes ，名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces， has many different versions，of which the following is one. 结构分析 :句子的
27、框架是The story has many different versions。 what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes为名词性从句做介词of 的宾语。 namely that a solid body作 the principle of Archimedes的同位语 ;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主语的过去分词短语，句子补充完整为when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修饰其主句a solid body loses a portion of
28、 its weight of the liquid ;it displaces 是省略了关系代词that 的定语从句修饰the liquid ，it 代指前面提到的the solid body;同时， of which the following is one 又构成先行词versions 的定语从句。 displace 意为 “ 排（水） ” ;version 不译为 “ 版本 ” ，此处指 “ 根据个人观点的（对事件等的）说法，看法”;句尾的 one 代指 a version。译文 :当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量，这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现
29、的故事说法众多，下面的故事就是其中之一。11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approache
30、d more closely. 结构分析 :句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction。that 引导宾语从句。此宾语从句中套嵌一个由which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词forces of attraction; so that the attraction between molecules 是 so that 结构引导的结果状语从句;在此状语从句中，除主干结构 the attractionwas very small but became considerable，又有 that were more than a few te
31、n-millionths of a millimeter apart 做定语从句修饰先行词molecules 和 when the molecules approached more closely 做状语从句， 修饰 but became considerable。considerable 译为“ 相当大（或多的） ” 。译文： 我们曾经假定， 分子之间存在着引力，这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化，因而，在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。12. This need is enshrined in the concept of
32、 sustainable development ，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations ，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations. 结构分析 :句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development。其后紧跟着一个
33、which 引导的定语从句， 修饰先行词sustainable development。此定语从句的谓语动词means 又套嵌一个that 引导的宾语从句，即we mustleave enough environmental space。此宾语从句中又有so that 结构做此从句的目的状语。be enshrined in 意为 “ 被深深地珍藏（或铭记）在” ，此处转译为主动语态“ 纳入到 ” 。sustainable development 译为 “ 可持续发展 ” 。译文：这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指:为了子孙后代的名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载
34、- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 利益，我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture ，since a painting is designed to be seen from
35、 one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view ，thus supplying movements in space and time. 结构分析 :句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means,since 。since引导的原因状语从句修饰主句 ;关系代词which 引导的定语从句修饰the means to represent movement in time and space; propert
36、y 在此处应译为“ 性质,特性 ”,不译为 “ 财产 ,资产 ” 。译文： 绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法，而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。绘画时只要求在某一时刻，从空间的一点来欣赏，而雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏，这样就表现出了空间，时间的变化。14. Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes ， and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes ，these wo
37、men have since given voice，loudly and persuasively ，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country ，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs. 结构分析 :句子的框架是these women havegiven voiceto what they know from
38、experience that 。that 从句做 experience 的同位语从句;此从句中又套嵌一个unless 引导的条件状语从句;Once intimidated by arguments 是过去分词做状语修饰these women，其施动者arguments又有两个that 引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。intimidated by arguments 意为“ 被论点搞得惊慌害怕 ”;feel at home 不能直译为 “ 感到在家 ” ，而译为 “ 感到自在 ”;give voice to 意为 “ 表达，表露”;land jobs译为 “ 找到工作 ” 。译文：有人说，孩子们在
39、双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮，最有说服力的意见。从她们自身的经验中，他们深知:如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单的体力活儿外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells ，though now specialized ，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instruc
40、tions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on. 结 构 分 析 : 句 子 的 框 架 是The presumption is that all these cells contain genetic instructionsand can do so。其中介词on 加 which 引导定语从句修饰主语the presumption; that 从句为表语从句;此表语从句中contain 和 can do并列做 all these cells 的谓
41、语 ;表语从句中又插入一个though 引导的省略了主语all these cells的让步状语从句， 补充完整为though these cells are now specialized; needed to make an entire individual为过去分词短语做genetic instructions 的后置定语 ;并列谓语can do so 又有 if 条件句修饰。 rest on 意为 “ 依赖 ” 。为避免重复 do so 代替前文提到的make an entire individual 。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - -
42、 - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - 译文：人类克隆赖以存在的假定是:虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化，但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传指令;如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。16. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical r
43、egularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories. 结构分析：句子的框架是a regularitywill be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity。 介词 for 加关系代词which 引导定语从句修饰a regularity 。 an empirical regularity后又有定语从句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories 修饰。
44、 grounds 意为“ 根据，理由 ”;subsume 意为 “ 把归入，纳入 ” 。译文： 因此，与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比，一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。17. It is because of the close association in most peoples minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is imp
45、ortant to realize that this ability ， on its own， does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned. 结构分析 :句子的框架是It is because ofthat ，but it is important to realize that。 but 连接两个并列句， but 前的并列分句为It is that 强调结构，强调because of 引导的状语。 but后的并列分句又有that 引导的宾语从句做realize 的宾语。t
46、he close association in most peoples minds of tools with man中注意 in most people s minds把 the close association of tools with man（工具与人类的密切联系）分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有able to use an object as a tool 和concerned分别做其前面名词animal 和 the creature 的后置定语。man 根据上下文在此处指“ 人类” ， 而不是 “ 男人”;not necessarily 译为 “ 不一定、未必 ”;on its o
47、wn意为 “ 独立地，凭自己力量 ” ，在此转译为 “ 就其自身而言 ” 。译文：正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of p
48、urposes， and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble. 结构分析 :句子的框架是The point is when and when。两个 when 引导的从句为并列的表语从句。 at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance为定语从句修饰主语 the point; 第二个 when 引导的
49、表语从句中也有that 引导的定语从句修饰a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects 译为 “ 操纵物体的能力” ; a brand-new problem that 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中 without 和 insoluble 为双重否定可译成肯定
50、句。译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe. 结构分析 :句子的框架是It was