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1、上海市2020届高考英语专题冲刺（五） 完形填空一、 命题理论和原则：1. 格式塔心理学从心理学上说，阅读过程是个完形过程，如果文章或句子中有缺失，人们能借助相关图式将其填补，使文章的意义完整。2. 冗余信息理论冗余性最初源于信息论，这一理论认为信息在传递过程中存在着比实际需要多得多的信息，冗余现象在各种语言中广泛存在，因为它们在一定程度上能更有效的传递信息，在语篇中普遍存在着信息重叠的现象，这使得不完整的语篇得以恢复成为可能。3. 语用预期说语用预期说，是指语言使用者有运用句法、语义和语篇知识的综合应用能力。阅读时，读者能够预测语句的完成方式乃至文章的下一步发展趋势。正是有了这种能力，学生在
2、阅读不完整的短文时，能运用所学语言知识和文章上下文所提供的线索，推测出删去词句或词语中的句法作用、语义功能和它与句子其他成分的关系。4. 衔接与连贯理论衔接是一个语义概念，指语篇语言成分之间的语义联系。当一个成分依赖另一个成分得以解释时，便产生衔接。连贯在修辞学中被认为是使文章获得同一性的前提，一个有效的语篇其各个部分必须紧密粘连。二、 完形填空设计：1. 语言知识2. 上下文信息：文章的连贯、信息的重复3. 背景知识三、 完形填空测试的能力：1. 语言知识2. 阅读理解能力3. 总体语言水平：语法、词汇、阅读四、 文章及选项特点：文章选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Rea
3、dibility)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。选项以实词为主，虚词为辅，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优选择。五、 解题原则：1. 语义优先于语法原则文章的开头部分尤其是第一句话不设空格，它起到的作用是对所选短文的题材和可能涉及的内容作简单的介绍或提示，并且不同于全国卷和其他各种考试类型(如考研等)中的完形填空，单纯的语法题已从该题型中彻底消失。如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案，就必定陷入了答题误区，无任何选项得以被排除。每一题脱离语境上下文后四个选项都必定符合语法规则。所以理解文章的主旨大意，快速识别语篇
4、类型(是议论文还是说明文，并进一步识别是其中具体某一类)，进而预判篇章结构以及作者的行文步骤和风格，心中有了大致的蓝图之后，即可结合以下各种解题技巧和对文章意思的理解对每个空格作出正确的判断。2. 词内选项句内找原则从近几年的高考原题来看，近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项要么都是词义相近的名词单数或复数，要么都是近义动词的同一时态等，只能根据上下文的语境作出正确的选择。如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊，则上文或下文肯定有答题提示，有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。3. 解题步骤：1. 要快速通读全文，了解文章大意，正确分析、归纳文章主旨。2. 在理解文章大意基础上，对每道题所给的
5、词语进行剖析，考虑语境，上下呼应，运用逻辑思维进行推理，再根据自己最有把握的、最熟悉的短语、习惯用语、动词形式和句子结构等，先完成简单的，把难的留在后面。3. 再次细读全文，集中精力解决难点，填补空缺。4. 答题完毕，遵循由整体到局部、由局部到整体的规律，再耐心通读全文，认真复查所选答案是否得当，语法是否正确，逻辑推理是否合理。六、 解题技巧：A. 复现原则（即：相同信息的重复，可以是原词，也可以是同近义表达）注：在完形填空中,某一词语通常重复出现,使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯,从而构成一个完整的意义整体。例：To prepare children for successful career
6、s in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration and the ability to function as a member of a _. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.In the recent co
7、mparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools.A. society B. family C. group D. classB. 同现原则（即：相关联信息在文章中的呼应）注：同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时或连续出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇
8、，一个话题，要求有与之相连的词汇。(1) 名词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如： schoolprimary schoolmiddle schoolcollegeuniversity studentspupilsgraduatespostgraduates (2) 动词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如：schoolteachlearnattendfounddrop outgraduatebe dismissed (3) 形容词同现; 就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如： 在学校这个语境中：(key) school(optional
9、) course(compulsory) course (4) 结构同现: 结构同现批搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。如：some, others; on one hand, on the other hand; former, latter; sothat; not onlybut also; hardly/scarcelywhen; no soonerthan; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way when; 例：I put my
10、 head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasnt empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new _, dressed neatly. A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion The _ Knows. Smell, however, does seem
11、to play a part in human attraction.A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. HandC. 词汇提示（四个选项不能是同近义词的辨析）注：正确答案必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等提示依据，如并列（同义词、近义词）、转折（反义词）、递进等。l 例：Another important error is mixed-ability teaching, or teaching in ability group so _ that the most able pupils are (held back) and are bored while the least
12、able are lost and (equally) bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in favor of mixed-ability school football teams.A. wideB. similarC. separateD. uniquel 例：Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the _ one. Listening well is an active exercise of our attenti
13、on and hard work.A. positiveB. oppositeC. sameD. wrongl 例：The continuous presentation of frightening stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily frightened. Even worse, it _ our kids.A. exhausts B. depresses C. terrifies D. exploitsD. 背景知识（生活常识、语言、文化、历史知识积累等）l 例：The firs
14、t is the removal from the curriculum of the thorough teaching of English _. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future.A. vocabulary B. culture C. grammar D. literaturel 例：EFL teachers often complain th
15、at students, despite years of studying English, simply will not speak it. Theyre too afraid of making mistakes of the grammar or mispronouncing words in a way that would _ them. A. amuseB. informC. remindD. embarrassE. 词组、短语等固定搭配（必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等依据）固定搭配，常用词组短语。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据逻辑衔接
16、、上下文内容等选择正确的短语。注：一般是整体考察该搭配，而不单独考察介词或短语中的某个部分例：But even if you do accept that a sixth sense exists, the question is, does it actually _51_? Radin says it does. “The future of our civilization depends on (decision) that are being made now, whether its about how we farm our food, how we get rid of our
17、 waste or whether we allow chemicals to be included in everyday products”A. serve any purposeB. take any advantage C. make any progress D. win any supportF. 非逻辑类上下文语境提示（context）(1)提示在前例：About ten years ago,a young and very successful manager named Josh was traveling down a Chicago neighborhood stree
18、t. He was going a bit fast in his _ car.A. old B. expensive C. second-hand D. slow(2) 提示在后例：Many old people dont have good _ .They cant watch TV, but they can listen to the music.A. hearing B. health C. eyesight D. timeG. 逻辑关系上下文语境提示（文章的衔接与连贯）(1) 并列关系and; also; as well as; both and; eitheror; neithe
19、rnor; not only but also; in the same way; too, and, and also, or, neithernor, eitheror, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas 例：improve employees health and productivity, reduce legal liability, and _ property values and rental returns. A. involve B. enhan
20、ce C. share D. show解析：句意是“绿色环保建筑能够改善员工的健康及生产力，并且增加建筑的价值及租金回报”，根据and可看出此空是与前面的improve构成并列。四个选项中 ，只有B表示“增强或提高”，所以答案为B。(2) 转折关系yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of
21、; regardless ofbut, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of 例：The following numbers would be _ for most of us to remember. 1492178919931848. But look at them in “ chunks”, and it becomes much easier. 1492 1789 1993
22、 1848.A. convenientB. impossibleC. meaningfulD. technical解析：两句之间的But表明是转折关系，下文出现了“it becomes much easier”，所以此空要填的词与easier形成对比，即选B，impossible。(3) 因果关系because, since, as, forthus, hence, therefore, so, for the same reason; for this reason; in consequence, as a consequenceobviously; evidently, conseque
23、ntly, accordinglywith, due to, lead to, thanks to, as a result of, because of, in response to, in view of; owing tobeing that; for the reason that; in that, so that, so (such)that, on account of and so; another important factor/reason ; the reason seems obvious; there are about; as a result; tooto.
24、例：_ its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a conventional office building.A. In place of B. Thanks to C. In spite of D. In addition to解析：句意是“由于艺术性的设计及奇特的技术，环保建筑大楼比传统的办公大楼少消耗50%的能源”，所以此空可得出答案为B。(4) 递进关系in addition, furthermore, again, also, b
25、esides, moreover, whats more, whats worse, to make matters worse, to make things worse, worse still, accordingly; as a popular saying goes; as far as is concerned; at the same time; even; further; in order to; in other words; in the first place, in the second place; in this way; meanwhile; not only,
26、 but also; not but; lastly; for one thing, for anotherthen, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed 例：We have nothing against diversity; indeed, we want more of it.我们并不反对多样化；其实，我们希望有更多的多样化。(5) 比较关系(when) compared with, in comparison with, in the same way
27、, just as, as with, like, equally, likewise, similarly, rather than, apart from, *by the same token(同样), *in the same vein(同样)(6) 对比关系in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, while, after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; *
28、vis a vis; conversely; on the one hand on the other hand; contrary to; *conversely unlike; different from this; nevertheless; whereas(7) 举例解说关系（如破折号、定从、冒号等提示）for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as
29、 an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take as an example; you may say, such as, of/among these/those/them, more specifically speaking, namely（i.e.=that is） 例：There is nothing 61 about these methods they were around even in ancient time
30、s.61. A. effectiveB. awfulC. valuableD. new解析：句意是“这些方法没有什么新颖之处-他们在古代就已经有了。”句中破折号表解释说明，所以选D。(8) 强调关系definitely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; *emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; wi
31、thout reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; indeed; moreover; not to mention; what is more important; notably; that is; especially, of course, surely注：有些具有弱转或者反差的意味。如：actually ad.表示想法与事实不一致因而惊奇居然，竟然e.g.It was ac
32、tually quite fun after all. 这居然还很有趣。indeed ad. 实际上，其实；甚至用来补充内容，以强调或支持刚说过的话e.g.I dont mind at all. Indeed, I would be delighted to help. 我根本不介意。其实，我倒很乐意帮上一把。(9) 让步关系but, still, (and) yet, howeverwhetheror (not), regardless of, despite/in spite of (the fact that), with all, *after all,while, although,
33、 though/as（倒装）, even though / even if, nevertheless, *nonetheless, *notwithstanding (that)whatever,whoever,whichever, however,whenever,wherever（以及相应的no matter ）*whereas, *for all (that), *for all ones (explanation), *with all ones (faults, learning)*but even now/so/then, *not but that/what（相当于though
34、）*granting/granted (that), *assuming (that), *supposing (that), *admitting (that), *动词（如be/come）+what/where/how/which/when+will/may, *be/let+主语+（ever）so+形容词,(10) 时间和空间关系afterward(s), first, later, then, soon, finally, at last, as soon as; before, after, eventually, first of all, first and foremost,
35、for a start, meanwhile, in the meantime, while, now; next, not until, till, later, formerly, previously, prior to, since then, since, subsequently, to begin with, to start with, whenoutside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of(11) 列举关系firstsecondlast
36、of all, firstthen, to begin withto continue/next, on one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another thing, oneanother, someothersstill others(12) 总结或重复关系（结构性线索）to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, the conclusion can be safely drawn that, in a word, in other words, in short, in summary, in bri
37、ef, in sum, to sum up; to summarize, all in all, in a nutshell, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted, as is mentioned above, as I have shown; to generalize, in general, accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; on the whole; overall; therefore; hence(13) 条件关系as long as
38、; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once(一旦); provided that; unless例：Life would be so much easier if we could remember things _.A. effortlesslyB. purposefullyC. exactlyD. carelessly解析：句意是“生活将变的更容易，如果记忆不费力气。”所以选A。综上：完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。注意事项：良好的完形
39、填空成绩主要表现在良好的阅读习惯和良好的语法功底，有人说，“得阅读者得天下”。完形填空也不例外。多做多练多总结。扫清词汇障碍后还应培养自己良好的阅读习惯。1、要以意群，语义为单位读，不要逐词逐句地认；2、要借助视觉扫读，不要手指唇动或无声心读；3、要从头至尾，一气呵成，不要频繁回读；4、要直接理解原文，不要逐词逐句地心译；5、要利用上下文和构词法猜测生词，推测出句意，不要频繁查阅词典；6、逐步扩大视距，要纵式快速阅读，不要横式赏析细读。2019届高三英语一模汇编完形填空1、2019黄浦一模Directions: For each blank in the following passage t
40、here are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Keeping The Taps Running in Thirsty CitiesWater covers 71% of Earths surface yet only 2% of it is accessible as a source of fresh water. _41_ on this limited resources is rising
41、, a trend likely to continue.It is important to recognize that it is not just city residents who _42_ water. Agriculture, industry and tourism often require more water than the municipal water supply. Globally, 70% of fresh water is _43_ for agriculture, but locally in heavily irrigated（灌溉）areas thi
42、s can increase to 90%. A healthy environment also requires fresh water, and the quality of available water is as important as its _44_.Water stress is not always caused by physical shortages in dry areas. _45_ for water resources between different users within river catchments or basins can also be
43、a cause.Every thirsty city operates within its own context, _46_ to the challenge of providing adequate water supplies. Cape Town, _47_, has faced three years of drought during which winter rains failed to materialize. At the end of the 2017 rainy season the city faced the _48_ of its dams running d
44、ry during 2018. The dams were only 37% fullin the same week four years before they were full to the top. In January 2018, it was _49_ that Cape Town would reach Day Zero, when it would be forced to turn off the taps, in April. This was despite the city reducing its water use by more than half, from
45、1.2 billion litres a day in 2015 to fewer than 600 million litres, and working _50_ with industry and agriculture to reduce demand.On February 1, the authorities put in place a strict limit of 50 litres of water per person per day. _51_, in Britain this is considered enough for a five-minute shower
46、of half a washing machine cycle on full load.In addition, a ban was placed on using _52_ water for gardens, water management devices were installed at household with a high water use and the water pressure was reduced to cut demand and leaks. At the same, the city launched a media _53_ to change habits and introduced higher duties. This is not without its costs; agriculture and tourism, both significant areas of employment, have _54_. It is a classic example of the problem of water