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1、1阅读技巧讲座阅读技巧讲座（主旨大意题）（主旨大意题）2如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题 做此类题目时，首先要搞清的是问某一段做此类题目时，首先要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频
2、词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。便容易抓住文章的中心。 0404年全国卷年全国卷1 1（河南等）（河南等）E E篇中篇中majormajor出现过八次，出现过八次，尽管其词性、词义有所不同，但它就是关键词。尽管其词性、词义有所不同，但它就是关键词。还有特例：见试题案例探究还有特例：见试题案例探究3一、题型特点一、题型特点 这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理
3、等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。4二、题干表现形式：二、题干表现形式： 1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:The main idea of the passage isThe passage is mainly aboutThe passage is mainly discussesWhich of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2). 目的类主旨大意题The authors main purpose in
4、 writing the passage is to The passage is meant to .The purpose of this article is to 3). 标题类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might beThe best title for the passage would be 5三、应试技巧三、应试技巧一、主题句的特点一、主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性主题句所表达的意思具有概括性句子结构简单明了句子结构简单明了, 作者一般不会作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句
5、章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释句的进一步解释,说明说明,论证或扩展论证或扩展. 6应试技巧应试技巧 如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer v
6、egetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首）主题句在段首。 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 7 English is clearly an inter
7、national language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. 本段主题句为首句本段主题句为首句, 其后的内容均说明首句其后的内容均说明首句。 8 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with sna
8、kes bites that led me to the career. “ she said “ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.（2）首尾呼应）首尾呼应为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味9（3）主题句也会出现在段尾。）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出作者先摆出事实依据
9、事实依据, 层层推理论证层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, 即即段落的主题。段落的主题。 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the s
10、ame time. 本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内它是此段内容的结论。容的结论。 10例：例： If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry. However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the ad
11、vertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is just right for you. It costs $359. This sales tactic is called bait and switch. Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item.
12、Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）（商品）and the reasons for the sale. 1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A) The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.B) Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly. C) Many sto
13、res use the bait and switch technique to attract customers.D) Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.2. The paragraph could be entitled _.A) Buyer Beware B) Closeout Sale C) Crime Pays D) Buying a TV Set 作者从一则电视机的广告入手作者从一则电视机的广告入手, 介绍了降价推销的惯用手段介绍了降价推销的惯用手段, 称为称为 “bait and swi
14、tch”（廉售某种不打算出卖的商品（廉售某种不打算出卖的商品, 意在诱人购买昂意在诱人购买昂贵的物品）。最后笔锋一转贵的物品）。最后笔锋一转, 点出作者的真正意图点出作者的真正意图, 即本段的主题句即本段的主题句, 告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。11 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact,
15、the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . Acamper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（4）短文中间）短文中间 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.12 Just as I settle down
16、 to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses. to let me eat a snack in peace. Usual
17、ly he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. 有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现，但不一定就是在正中间。 Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun 13 For adults a cold is not that seri
18、ous. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be sighs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention. 本段主题句为第二句本段主题句为第二句, 因为在因为在however 后面才后面才是作者真正的看法是作者真正的看法, 并在下文中进一步作了说明。并在下文中进一步作了说明。 当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时, 作者往往从具体作者往往从具体的事例谈起的事例谈起, 随之归纳
19、出主题随之归纳出主题, 然后再围绕这一主然后再围绕这一主题展开讨论题展开讨论, 使立论更加清楚使立论更加清楚, 具有很强的说服力具有很强的说服力, 即以即以“立立”为主为主, 对正面观点进行阐述。对正面观点进行阐述。 14（5）无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 15A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic .
20、All day long , the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the back of the bus .In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.这一段
21、的隐含主题句可概括为：这一段的隐含主题句可概括为：Driving a bus is hard work16应试技巧应试技巧 选项分析选项分析正确选项的特点正确选项的特点 含有抽象名词和概括性词语含有抽象名词和概括性词语. 四个选项中四个选项中, 含有含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance 等词的选等词的选项一般是正确选项项一般是正确选项. 四个选项中四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项内容
22、相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项中往往有一个是正确选项 那些概括全文那些概括全文, 内容全面内容全面, 含义深刻含义深刻, 说明道理说明道理的选项一般是答案项的选项一般是答案项, 而选项内容片面而选项内容片面, 单一的单一的内容一般是错误选项内容一般是错误选项. 17错误选项的特点错误选项的特点 以偏概全以偏概全. 只是局部信息只是局部信息, 或是一句没或是一句没有展开论述的话有展开论述的话. 过于笼统过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述. 把观点强加与作者把观点强加与作者. 读者往往根据自己读者
23、往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解的见解. 无关信息无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息到语言依据的信息 18 从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标题时，我们要学习识从前面所述可知，查找主旨、标题时，我们要学习识别文章中最基本别文章中最基本, 最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。括文中其它信息所具有的共性。 例例1：Choose the most general word.A) chemist B) physicist C) scientist
24、 D) biologist 该问题要求找出最有概括力的词。该问题要求找出最有概括力的词。C scientist 符合题意符合题意, 因为它包因为它包括了括了 chemist, physicist和和biologist, 而而A, B和和D 都指某一具体学都指某一具体学科的科学家科的科学家, 不能概括其他词。因此不能概括其他词。因此, scientist 最具有概括性最具有概括性。 例例2：Choose the most general sentence. A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B) T
25、here are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn. C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board. D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting. A, C, D都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况, 相互相互间并无联系。而间并无联系。而B却概括了却概括了A, C, D共性的东西共
26、性的东西, 即：为什即：为什么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉。因此么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉。因此, B符合题符合题意。倘若在一段文章里包含了以上意。倘若在一段文章里包含了以上A, B, C, D 几条信息几条信息, 那么那么 B 就是本段的中心思想。同样就是本段的中心思想。同样, 如果在一段文章中如果在一段文章中, 作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容, 那这些段落所要说明的那这些段落所要说明的问题就是本文的中心思想。问题就是本文的中心思想。 19例例3：Read the following and choose the title that best expr
27、esses the ideas of the passage. There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the pri
28、ce of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. A) Economic Principles B) Law of Supply and Demand C) More Goods, Lower Prices D) Fewer Goods, Higher Prices 该问题中该问题中, A 泛指经济规律泛指经济规律, 面过宽；面过宽；C和和D只是供需规则的两个单只是供需规则的两个单独方面独方面, 不能包含全部不能包含全部, 面太窄。正确答案是面太窄。正确答案是B, 因为这正是短文自因为这正是短文自始至终讨论的主题。始至终讨论的主题。