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1、-/五种基本句型及其扩展(共9页)(本文是魔方英语语法系列文章之二,节选自高伟魔方英语语法第一章第五节.五种基本句型及其扩展。)本节目录和摘要:一. 五种基本句型概述。二. 主系表(SVC)。三. 主谓和主谓宾(SV和SVO)四. 主谓双宾(SVOO)五. 主谓复宾(SVOC)六. 基本句型的扩展。学习本节,主要任务是能够区别五种基本句型。(基本句型的扩展,应该结合后续章节逐渐掌握。)-/学习基本句型的关键是抓住动词:五种基本句型的不同源于动词的不同,反过来说,五种动词可以扩展为相应的基本句型。下边的1和2分别讲解这两句话。1.按照动词后所跟不同成分,分为五种动词。(1)按照能否加形容词,把动
2、词分为系动词和实义动词。系动词能加形容词,构成第一种基本句型:主语+系动词+表语。实义动词不能加形容词,实义动词与其所加成分构成第二/三/四/五种基本句型。(2)按照能否加宾语,把实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。不及物动词(vi.),不能加宾语,构成第二种基本句型。及物动词(vt.),能加宾语,又细分为三种:如果加单宾语,则构成第三种基本句型:主语+谓语+宾语;如果加双宾语,则构成第四种基本句型:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;如果加复合宾语,则构成第五种基本句型:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。以上内容,也可以表示为下图: 注:1.双及物动词即“跟双宾语的及物动词”,复合
3、及物动词即“跟复合宾语的及物动词”。基本句型主语动词短语主语动词表语/宾语等一Iam fine.二Ithurts.三Ilike misic.四Ibringhim a present.五Imakehim happy.2.关于动词分类的更多内容,可参看第五章第一节。2.五种动词扩展为五种基本句型。即,动词 +表语/宾语等 动词短语 +主语 基本句型。如右表所示,3.五种基本句型扩展或转换为千姿百态的句子。或者反过来说,英语中千姿百态的句子都是由基本句型变来的。(1)基本句型,是指没有修饰成分的、正常语序的简单陈述句。这个定义有四层含义:简单句,是指不是并列句和复合句。陈述句,是指不是疑问句、祈使句
4、和感叹句。没有修饰成分,是指没有定语和状语等。正常语序,是指没有倒装与省略。(2)基本句型的扩展和转换。基本句型基本句型的扩展或转换简单句并列句/复合句,分别参看第10/11章。陈述句疑问句/祈使句/感叹句,参看第10章没有修饰成分定语和状语等修饰成分,参看第8章。正常语序倒装与省略,参看第12章。右列中,是基本句型的扩展。是基本句型的转换。就像数学公式一样,循环使用这些扩展和转换,就由基本句型产生了各种各样的句子以及所谓的长难句。4.五种基本句型的细分表。见下表,分类细分一主语+系动词+表语(简称“主系表”或SVC)静态系动词(be),可以接形容词/名词/副词。动态系动词(除be外),一般只
5、能接形容词。二主语+谓语(简称“主谓(vi.)”或SV)主语+谓语(+副词/介词短语)三主语+谓语+宾语(简称“主谓(vt.)宾”或SVO)主语+谓语+宾语(+副词/介词短语)四主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称“主谓双宾”或SVOO)主谓双宾主谓宾+to主谓双宾主谓宾+for五主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(简称“主谓复宾”或SVOC)(主)系表 去掉系动词 原表语(作宾补)(主)谓宾 变为非谓语非谓语动词短语(作宾补)-/注:有些书把there be句型单列为一种基本句型。本书认为,there be句型是由主系表句型的倒装句演变而来的,详见第十二章第二节讲解。下边详细讲解此表。+adj.+
6、其它词静态系动词动态系动词系动词分为静态系动词(be)和动态系动词(除be外)。相应地,“主系表”句型,也分为两种讲解。如右表,(加底纹表示,最典型的“主系表”是“主语+be+形容词”。)1. 静态系动词,可以跟形容词作表语,也可以跟名词、副词等其它词/短语/从句作表语。如,He is strong.(形容词作表语)He is a student.(名词作表语)He is here.(副词作表语)He is at home.(介词短语作表语)2. 动态系动词,一般只能跟形容词作表语。如,细分举例表示变化的动态系动词,如,become, come, fall, get, go, grow, ru
7、n, turnHelen became famous.His dream came true.表示延续的动态系动词,如,continue, keep, remain, stand, stayShe still remained unconvinced.The weather is keeping fine.表示感觉的动态系动词,如,look, seem, sound, smell, taste, feelYou look tired.I dont feel well.对比: 动态系动词,一般只能跟形容词,不能跟名词/副词。如果跟了名词/副词,一般不是动态系动词。get,在get warm (a
8、dj.)中,get是系动词;在get there (adv.)中,get是实义动词。taste,在It tastes good (adj.).中,taste是系动词;在Please taste the wine (n.).中,taste是实义动词。3. 如何识别系动词呢?一般地,若有“某动词+形容词”,则某动词是系动词。The sun is rising.太阳正在升起。(rising是动词 (v-ing),可知is不是系动词(是助动词)Stay silent!保持安静。(从silent是形容词,可知stay是系动词。) He looks happy (adj.).(主系表)。(对比:He sh
9、outed loudly (adv.). 主语+谓语+状语)例外:此规则的唯一例外情况是:“主语+个别不及物动词+形容词”。如,She died (vi.) young (adj.).这个句子是She died (when she was) young.的省略。 第二种基本句型是:主谓(vi.)。第三种基本句型是:主谓(vt.)宾。在五种基本句型中,最典型的是“主谓宾”,大约80%的句子是“主谓宾”结构。这两种句型,关键在于不及物动词(vi.)和及物动词(vt.)。注意英汉的及物性差异。1. 极少数动词,只能作不及物动词。如,come, go, sleep, travel。注意:有些动词,在英
10、语中是不及物动词,在汉语中是及物动词。在这些不及物动词后不要少了介词。听音乐:listen to the music (listen the music)嘲笑某人:laugh at sb. (laugh sb.)到达某地:arrive (vi.) in/at +某地。(对比:到达某地:reach (vt.) +某地)等待某人:wait (vi.) for sb. (对比:等待某人:await (vt.) sb.)2. 极少数动词,只能作及物动词。如,find(发现),offer(提供),seat(坐下)。注意:有些动词,在英语中是及物动词,在汉语中是不及物动词。在这些不及物动词后不要多了介词。
11、跟在某人后边:follow sb.(follow after sb. )为服务:serve sb. (serve for sb. )和结婚:marry sb.(marry with sb. )有个老外报属相时说:“我属于猪”(),应为“我属猪”。I guessed his meaning. 我猜出了他的意思。(I guessed out (adv.) his meaning.(),可译为“我猜出出他的意思”)3. 绝大多数动词,既能作不及物动词,又能作及物动词。如,They are playing (vi.) on the playground. They are playing (vt.)
12、football.read (vi.) loudly (adv.) 大声朗读。 read (vt.) a book (n.) 读书。Time flies (vi.). 时间飞逝。 fly (vt.) a kite 放风筝。注意:有些动词,作不及物动词和及物动词时的词义不同。play 玩(不及物);弹奏(及物)。help 有用(不及物);帮助(及物)。rain 下雨(不及物);使大量落下(及物)。英国国徽(狮子代表英格兰,独角兽代表苏格兰)apply 申请(不及物);运用(及物)。stand 站立(不及物);忍受(及物)。 下边讲两个在使用“主谓(vi.)”句型时常遇到的疑问。4. 不及物动词,
13、加介词后才能带宾语。换言之,从语法功能上讲,vi.+介词=vt.。Look!看!Look at him.看他。(对比:see him看见他)5.“主语+不及物动词+副词/介词短语”仍然是第二种基本句型。His father has gone (vi.).His father has gone (vi.) abroad.(主语+谓语+副词作状语)Jim runs (vi.).Jim runs (vi.) in the park.(主语+谓语+介词短语作地点状语)因为,状语是修饰性成分,与判定句子类型无关。所以,加状语后,仍然是第二种基本句型。 笑话: Do You Mind if I Throw
14、 Him a bit?A man was standing at a bus stop eating fish and chips. An old lady and her little white dog stood next to him. The dog, excited by the smell of the fish and chips, started to bark and jump up on the mans leg. “Do you mind if I throw him a bit?” Themanasked the old lady. “Not atall,” she
15、said, “go ahead.” So themanpicked up the little dog and threw it overawall.一名男子正站在一个公共汽车站吃着鱼和炸薯条。一个老太太带着她的小白狗站在他身旁。小狗由于闻到了鱼和炸薯条的香味,所以开始叫唤,还不住地往这男子的腿上跳。“我把你这狗扔远一点你介意吗?(或理解为,我给你的狗扔点吃的你介意吗?)” 该男子对老太太说道。她说:“不介意,你扔吧。” 于是,男子抓起小狗就把它扔到了墙那边。(分析:该男子的话可以有两种理解:理解为第三种基本句型:throw (谓语) +him (宾语) +a bit (状语)。理解为四种基本
16、句型:throw (谓语) +him (间接宾语) +a bit (直接宾语)。该男子说的是第种意思,老太太理解的是第种意思。) 第四种基本句型是:主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。直接宾语和间接宾语,合称双宾语。1.什么是直接宾语和间接宾语?表示人的是间接宾语,表示物的是直接宾语。因为,甲把东西给乙:甲东西乙,所以,对甲来说,“东西”是直接的,是直接宾语;“乙”是间接的(是通过“东西”才间接地接触上的),是间接宾语。如,He gave me the book.(me表人,是间接宾语;the book表物,是直接宾语。)注意,直接/间接宾语,只与表人还是表物有关,与单词在句子中的前后
17、位置无关。如,He gave the book to me.(me表人,是间接宾语,the book表物,是直接宾语。)2.“主谓双宾”,可以转换为“主谓宾+介词短语(to型或for型等)”。主要分为两类:“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”“动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语”。这些动词有:give/offer,hand/pass,buy/sell,lend,leave,pay,show,teach,tell等。I showed Jim the map.I showed the map to Jim.“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”“动词+直接宾语+for+间接宾语”。这些动词有:build,call,co
18、ok,make,order,sing等。Linda cooked the teacher a good dinner.Linda cooked a good dinner for the teacher.对比:to指动作的对象,对谁做什么;for指动作的受益者,为谁做什么。to型多,for型少。对比:有些动词(如,buy/sell/leave)之后,既可以接to也可以接for。He bought Anna a present. (=He bought a present to Anna.他给安娜买了一件礼物。)He bought a present for Anna.他替安娜买了一件礼物。He
19、 sold me all his books.(=He sold all his books to me.他把全部书都卖给了我)。He sold all his books for me.为了我,他把全部书都卖了。His uncle left her the money.(=His uncle left the money to her.他叔父遗留下这笔钱给他)。His uncle left the money for her.他叔父为了她才留了这笔钱。对比:第三/四种基本句型。 Money can buy you love.(四)金钱可以为你买来爱情。 Money can buy your
20、love.(三)金钱可以买你的爱情。 第五种基本句型是:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。宾语+宾语补足语=复合宾语。1.哪些动词可以带复合宾语?最常见的带复合宾语的十个动词是:四看三使役,二听一感觉。四看:observe,notice,see,watch;三使役:make,let,have;二听:hear,listen;一感觉:feel。2.宾语补足语,可以分为两大类:(1)名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,作宾语补足语。这些宾补是由“(主)系表”转换来的。转换方法:随着“主语”变为“宾语”,“表语(也叫主语补足语)”变为“宾语补足语”。I am happy.(主语+系动词+表语)He makes
21、me happy.(主语+谓语+宾语+宾补)(转换过程分析:随着“主语I宾语me”,“表语(也叫主语补足语)happy宾语补足语happy”。省略无意义的am。)正是因为“(主系)表”宾补,所以,可以作表语的词或结构都可以作宾补。如,They called their daughter Mary.他们给女儿取名玛丽。(名词作宾补)I found him friendly.我发现他很友好。(形容词作宾补)。Dont leave me behind.别把我留下。(副词作宾补)He put his books in order.他把书整理好了。(介词短语作宾补)(2)非谓语动词短语,作宾语补足语。这
22、些宾补是由“(主)谓宾”转换来的。转换方法:把动词短语变为非谓语动词短语。如,Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.(不定式短语作宾补)((he) turned down the radio(him) to turn down the radio)I heard Tom singing a song.(v-ing短语作宾补) ((Tom) is singing a song.(Tom) singing a song) He watched the piano carried upstairs. 他看着钢琴被搬上楼。(v-ed短语作宾补)((the pian
23、o) was carried upstairs(the piano) carried upstairs)对比:第五句型(主谓复宾) 与其它句型的对比。He calls me Tom.(因为有I am Tom.的逻辑关系,所以,是五句型,其中,me(宾语)+Tom(宾补)He gave me a book.(因为没有I am a book.的逻辑关系,所以,不是五句型,是四句型。)I found her a good girl.我发现她是个好女孩。(因为有She is a good girl.的逻辑关系,所以是五句型)I found her a good boy.我给她找了个好男孩。(=I fo
24、und a good boy for her.,是四句型)She will make him a good husband.她将使他成为好丈夫。(因为He is a good husband.,是五句型)She will make him a good wife.她将会成为他的好妻子。(=She will make a good wife for him.,是四句型) I found the book easy.我发现那本书很容易。(因为The book is easy.,是五句型。easy作宾补。)I found the book easily.我很容易地就找到了那本书。(是三句型。easi
25、ly作状语。)基本句型的扩展的原理是:把“名词性/形容词性/副词性”的单词,替换为“名词性/形容词性/副词性”的短语或从句。基本句型的扩展,细分为两种方法: 1.增加次要成分(定语/状语/同位语)。也就是增加修饰词。如,扩展前扩展后n. (名词)adj.+n. (名词短语)v. (动词)v.+adv. (动词短语)adj. (形容词)adv.+adj. (形容词短语)adv. (副词)adv.+adj. (副词短语)It was cold.The weather has been very cold just recently.The nations are friends.The neigh
26、bouring nations have long been our close friends.2. 把短成分(单词)替换为长成分(短语/从句)。如,扩展前扩展后名词介词短语/非谓语动词短语/名词性从句(都是名词性结构)形容词介词短语/非谓语动词短语/名词性从句(都是形容词性结构)副词介词短语/非谓语动词短语/名词性从句(都是副词性结构)例句(名词性短语或从句作主语/宾语)Reading French is easier than speaking it.读法语比讲容易。(v-ing作主语)What she saw gave her a little fright.她看到的情况使她有点吃惊。
27、(what从句作主语)Would you mind waiting a few minutes?能否劳驾等几分钟?(v-ing作宾语)I dont care what they say.我不在乎他们说了什么。(what从句作宾语)例句(形容词性短语或从句作定语)Who is that girl with a pigtail?那个梳辫子的女孩是谁?(介词短语作定语)I have sth important to discuss with you.我有要事相商。(不定式短语作定语)She is a girl everyone likes.她是个人人都喜欢的女孩。(that从句作定语)例句(副词性短
28、语或从句作状语)He travelled in the desert for six months.他在沙漠里走了六个月。(介词短语作状语)The suitcase is too heavy to be carried by a child.箱子太重小孩拿不动(不定式短语作结果状语)It being a holiday,the library is not open. 今天是假日,图书馆不开门(含v-ing的独立主格结构作原因状语)第五节总结:英语的句子是由横向组合和纵向替换组成的,像物理学中的串联和并联。1.组成句子的过程是:基本句型。讲单词如何组成基本句型,主要通过动词讲解。基本句型的扩展
29、。讲句子的各个部分如何替换,主要通过三种词性(名词性/形容词性/副词性)讲解。2.这两步分别相当于物理学中的串联和并联:第步,以动词为核心,把四种词性(名词/动词/形容词/副词)串联在一起。第步,按照三种词性(名词性/形容词性/副词性)把句子的各个部分替换为相同性质的短语/从句。综合例句1:从太空拍摄的照片展示了人类的力量在地球表面上所带来的改变。翻译过程:pictures show the changes(基本句型)Pictures taken from space show the changes that human forces have brought about on the ea
30、rths surface. (基本句型的扩展)综合例句2:中国总理高度赞扬了非洲共同组织在帮助非洲国家赢得民族独立和获得政治解放当中所作出的重大贡献。翻译过程:Chinese premier praised the contribution (基本句型)。Chinese premier highlypraised the significant contribution of Africa Union in helping African countries to win their national independence and political liberation. (基本句型的扩
31、展)题组(辨别下划线的动词是系动词还是实义动词)1. The door stays open at night.2. Just stay here for a moment.3. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.4. What he said proved true.5. He cant proved his theory.澳大利亚国徽题组(指出划线部分是及物动词还是不及物动词) 1. My watch stopped. 2. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. 3.
32、 Shall I begin at once? 4. She began working as a teacher after she left school. 5.When did they leave Beijing? 6.They left last week.题组(用下划线标出下列句子中的宾语)。考查第三种基本句型。1. People all over the world speak English.2. Jim cannot dress himself.3. He just wanted to stay at home.4. He practices speaking English
33、 every day.5. He did not know what to say.6. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.题组(翻译句子,并指出间接宾语和直接宾语)。考查第四种基本句型。1. I showed him my pictures.2. She ordered herself a new dress.3. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.4. He brought you a dictionary.5. I told him that the bus was late.6. He
34、 showed me how to run the machine.题组(翻译句子,并指出“什么词性作宾补”)。考查第五种基本句型。1. We elected him monitor.2. They painted the door green.3. We saw him out.4. He asked me to come back soon.5. I saw them getting on the bus.6. Ill have my bike repaired.题组(把两个句子组合成一个句子)。考查第五种基本句型。1. The members elected Alice. Shes pr
35、esident now.The members elected Alice president.2. The theory is wrong. Someone has proved that.Someone has proved the theory wrong.3. Weve painted the walls. Theyre bright yellow now.Weve painted the walls bright yellow.题组(用不同的谓语动词翻译下列句子)。综合考查五种基本句型。 1.这家具花了我500美元。I paid $500 for the furniture.I bo
36、ught the furniture for $500.I spent $500 on the furniture.I spent $500 in buying the furniture.The furniture cost me $500.It cost me $500 to buy the furniture.2.他们经常参观那个博物馆。They often visit the museum.They are the frequent visitors to visit the museum.3.非常感谢你考虑我的申请。Ill thank you if you think about m
37、y application. I will appreciate it that if you take my application into consideration.题组(基本句型的扩展)。这个题组可以在学完第十一章(从句)后再做。1.由那个著名艺术家作的那幅画一定很值钱。2.下午要讨论的是关于教育的问题。3.在给她的中国朋友的信中,那个美国女孩表达了她想要再次访问中国的强烈愿望。4.改天后他告诉我的话于事无补。5.你能给我指一下莎士比亚的故居吗?6.我非常同意那句谚语:滚石不生苔。1. The picture painted by the famous artist must be
38、very valuable. 2. The question to be discussed this afternoon is about education. 3. The American girl, in her letter to a Chinese friend, expressed her strong wish to visit China again.4. What he told me the other day has nothing to do with this problem. 5. Can you show me the house where Shakespea
39、re once lived? 6. I quite agree with the old saying that a rolling stone gathers no moss.一个句子可以翻译为多种句型(一句多译)。关键在于选择动词,不同的动词构成不同的句型。例如,汉译英:他行进的速度快得惊人。如果用is作为谓语,构成“主系表”句型His movements were astonishingly fast.The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.如果用“move(vi.行进)”作谓语,构成“主谓”句型He moved astonishing
40、ly fast.He moved with astonishing rapidity. 如果用“astonish(vt.惊人)”作谓语,构成“主谓宾”句型His rapid movements astonished us.He astonished us by moving rapidly.He astonished us by his rapid movements.He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity with
41、 which he moved astonished us.十二个常用动词组成的各种基本句型。有些动词可以用于多种句型。如,get可以构成五种基本句型。He gets angry.(主系表)。He gets to work at 9 a.m.(主谓)。He get a surprise.(主谓宾)。He get me a beer.(主谓双宾)。He got the shoes wet.(主谓复宾)十二个常用动词组成的各种基本句型,见下表。(这十二个常用动词占到动词总用量50%以上)系动词不及物及物双及物复合及物take(少)(少)bring(少)go(少)comelook(少)callput(少)turnkeepsetgetmake注:1.表中的“双及物”即双及物动词,也就是可以带双宾语的动词;“复合及物”即复合及物动词,也就是可以带复合宾语的动词。2.加底纹表示最常见用法。链接:十二个常用动词的动介短语和动副短语,见第九章第六节。(高伟魔方英语语法原创版权所有,转载请注明出处!)