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1、我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物英语复合句 我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物句子的种类根据作用分A 陈述句:肯定陈述句,否定陈述句B 疑问句 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 选择疑问句 反意疑问句 C 祈使句D 感叹句 what感叹句 How感叹句我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物根据结构分简单句
2、并列句复合句 状语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 定语从句 状语从句 同位语从句我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 简单的基本句型主语+连系动词+表语Our classroom is big and brightI am a student2 主语+不及物动词(谓语)I can swim3 主语+及物动词(谓语)+宾语Tom wrote an article4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He showed his father his new shoes主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足We sh
3、ould keep our classroom clean and 6 there be +主语+状语There is a book on the desk我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 句子的成分基本的成分主语:动作的施出者,表示所说的是谁是什么The bird can fly He is my sister谓语:表示主语的动作或状态(动词)We worked togetherThey sang and ate at the party句子可能具有的成分直接宾语:表示动作的承受者(名词,
4、人名,代词)He makes a fly。They clean the rooms。We build a bridge间接宾语:表示动作是针对谁作的,不是动作的承受者Pass me the salt, please Hell lend me good books to readThey helped me with my study。 She told me a story句中的me都是间接宾语我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物宾语补足语;为表示意思的完整,仅有宾语远不够,还需有补足语加于补充
5、The teacher encouraged students to express his ideaThe teacher proved himself worthy confidence表语:表示主语的特征或性质或表示主语是+(名词)It is warm and brightThe flowers are red定语:用来修饰或限定名词,表示其特征特性或其它情况He has a beautiful girl friendYour question is a difficult one状语:表示动作,行为或事件发生的时间,地点,目的。方式,程度,因果等,The book is rather
6、interestingI have lived here for a long timeThey arrived at hospital yesterdayShe comes here by train我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有:and, not onlybut also, neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有:but, yet, however3.选择关系并列句连词有:or., eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有:for, so, th
7、erefore我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物例句并列关系:I hope him and he help me转折关系:He tried open the door, but he couldnt 选择关系:Either you are foolish or he is因果关系:the students are on holidays, therefore you can see them today。我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到
8、愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 复合句 定语从句 同位语从句复合句: 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 状语从句我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物定语从句定语从句又称关系从句:在主句中相当于一个定语,只不过这个定语是一个句子定语从句可以修饰一个名词,代词,或一个句子,被修饰的词叫现行词,从句在其后,由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有:that. Which, who, whom, whose等关系副词有:when , where , whyThe man who wrote this
9、 book in famous scientist 先行词 关系代词 (定语)The village where I was born has grown into a town(先行词) 关系代词 (定语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物that 关系代词与先行词的关系限制性定语从句 先行词 关系代词主语 关系代词宾语 关系代词所有格代替人 who/that which/that whom/that which/that that whose=of whom代替物 whose=of whi
10、ch 代替人 和物 代替人代替物 代替人和物 非限制性定语从句代替人和物代替前一句话which whichwhosewhich我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物关系副词与先行词的关系先行词 关系副词 在从句中作用时间名词 when=at,on,in, 时间状语 during / which地点名词 where=in, at/which地点状语只有reasonwhy=for which原因状语例句说明(在定语从句中,关系词在句中一 定要担任成分) 我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把
11、它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物关系代词引导的定语从句John is the girl who/that was injured in the accident (先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中作主语)He found the watch which/that he had lost (先行词) (关系代词) ( 关系代词在从句中作宾语)The man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中作宾语)The houseThe house whic
12、h/thatwhich/that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt 先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中作主语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物Is there Is there anyoneanyone whose namewhose name is wangli? is wangli? 先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中作主语)The buildingThe
13、 building whose roofwhose roof we can see form here is we can see form here is (先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中作宾语)She is no longer She is no longer the girlthe girl thatthat she was in her childhood she was in her childhood 先行词 关系代词( 关系代词在从句中作表语,只能用that连接)There is not There is not an easy questionan easy que
14、stion thatthat you think it to be you think it to be ( 先行词) (关系代词) ( 关系代词在从句中作表语,只能用that连接)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物注意的问题One of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中,关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数,从句谓语用复数Tom is one of those women, who like to play bridge当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时,从句谓语根据o
15、ne而定,用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who likes to go to the theatre在口语中,在定语从句中起宾语作用的关系代词省去Have you found the book (that) you want?我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物当关系代词前有介词时,只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThe book from which(不能用that) I got a lot of useful informati
16、on 先行词 介词 关系代词was written by a famous scientist(关系代词(关系代词whichwhich在从句中作介词在从句中作介词fromfrom的宾语)的宾语)Tom is Tom is the boythe boy withwith whom (whom (不用不用that)that) you were talk a you were talk a moment agomoment ago 先行词 介词 关系代词( 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语)注:当介词位于从句句末时,关系代词仍可用that也可省去 我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这
17、样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物上两句可改为: The book that/which I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientist Tom is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物当先行词是当先行词是all, everything, somet
18、hing, all, everything, something, nothing,nothing, 或被或被first, last, only, few, much, some, first, last, only, few, much, some, only, noonly, no以及形容词最高级修饰时,只用以及形容词最高级修饰时,只用that不用不用whichI am interested inI am interested in all all thatthat you have you have told metold meHe asked for He asked for the
19、bestthe best book book thatthat there there was on mathwas on math当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时,要用当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时,要用thatthat引导引导We were deeply impressed by We were deeply impressed by the the teachers and schoolsteachers and schools thatthat we we had visitedhad visited (先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中作宾语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶
20、和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 关系副词在定语从句中的应用关系副词在定语从句中的应用1. I shall never forget the day when (on 1. I shall never forget the day when (on which) new china which) new china was founded 先行词 关系代词( 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)2. He came at a time when (at which) we 2. He came at a time when
21、 (at which) we were in need of helpwere in need of help 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3. The school where (in which )I work is not 3. The school where (in which )I work is not far from herefar from here 先行词 关系代词 ( 关系代词在从句中担地点状语)4. Is this the place where (at which )that 4. Is this the place where (at whic
22、h )that traffic accident happened?traffic accident happened? 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.He didnt give the reason why (for which) 5.He didnt give the reason why (for which) he was absent yesterday.he was absent yesterday. (先行词) (关系代词) ( 关系代词在从句中担原因状语)6.The reason why (for which )he missed the 6.The reas
23、on why (for which )he missed the bus was that he got up latebus was that he got up late 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担原因状语我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物注意:注意:在口语或非正式场合在口语或非正式场合,thatthat可代替可代替介词介词+whichwhich结构或相当的关系副结构或相当的关系副词词1.All the years that (for which/when) I was at s
24、chool, 1.All the years that (for which/when) I was at school, was there never discussionwas there never discussion about careers.about careers. (先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)2.The reason that (why=for which) you were 2.The reason that (why=for which) you were absent in excuseabsent in excuse (先行词)(关系
25、代词)( 关系代词在从句中担原因状语)3.The direction that (in which) the car is driving 3.The direction that (in which) the car is driving can be changedcan be changed (先行词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担方式状语)4.I dont like the way that (in which) he talks4.I dont like the way that (in which) he talks(先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担方式状语)有些固
26、定的介词有些固定的介词+which结构无相应关系副词,要根据先行词选用适当的介词结构无相应关系副词,要根据先行词选用适当的介词5.The speed at which the spaceship flies is very fast5.The speed at which the spaceship flies is very fast(先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担状语)6.Wattles and kilometers are the units in which 6.Wattles and kilometers are the units in which electric
27、power is measuredelectric power is measured(先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担方式状语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词非限制性定语从句由关系代词which, who ,whose, where, which, who ,whose, where, whenwhen引出引出,而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开,关系代词而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开,关系代词thatthat不能不能引
28、起非限制性定语从句引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词名词、代词+of+ which+ whom+of+ which+ whom引引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系There are many forms of energy, each of There are many forms of energy, each of which is useful for uswhich is useful for us非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末,用逗号与主句隔开非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末,用逗号与主句隔开He missed the train ,wh
29、ich annoyed him very He missed the train ,which annoyed him very muchmuch(先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中作主语)The sun heats the earth ,which makes it The sun heats the earth ,which makes it possible for plants to growpossible for plants to grow (先行词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中作主语)注:关系代词注:关系代词which有时可以用来指代主句的一部分有时可以用来指代主句
30、的一部分Tom can write a letter in Chinese , which Tom can write a letter in Chinese , which Mary can notMary can not (先行词) (关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担方式状语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 种类 意义 形式 功能 译法 关系代副词限制性限制性 起限制性起限制性 紧接紧接先行先行 修饰修饰 常译
31、为常译为 关系代词有时关系代词有时定语从定语从 作用若省去,词后,作用若省去,词后, 先行词先行词 先行词的先行词的 可用可用that代替代替句句 原句意义不原句意义不 无逗号无逗号 定语定语 有时也可省去有时也可省去 完整。完整。 非限制 起补充 有逗号 可修饰 常译为 不可用that代替 性定语 说明作用 与主句 先行词 “另一 ” 也不可省去从句 若省去原 隔开 也可修饰 并列分句 句意义不 整个主句 受影响我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物试比较:试比较:July is the mon
32、th when we have a lot of July is the month when we have a lot of rainrain (先行词(先行词)(关系代词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担状语)关系代词在从句中担状语)The meeting will be put off till next The meeting will be put off till next month ,when we will have made all the month ,when we will have made all the preparationspreparations (先
33、行词)(关系代词)(先行词)(关系代词) ( 关系代词在从句中担状语)I want to buy the house which(=that) I want to buy the house which(=that) has a gardenhas a garden (先行词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担主语)I want to buy the house, which(I want to buy the house, which(不等于不等于that) has that) has a gardena garden(先行词)(先行词)(关系代词)(关系代词) ( 关系代词在从句中担主语)
34、关系代词在从句中担主语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物注:在定语从句中,同样的先行词,由于在从句中 担任的作用不同,须选用不同的关系词1.This is the place where I spent my childhood (先行词)(关系代词)(先行词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担地点状语)关系代词在从句中担地点状语)2.This is the place, which I visited last summer (先行词)(先行词)(关系代词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中
35、担宾语)关系代词在从句中担宾语)3.The reason which he gave was unacceptable (先行词)(关系代词)(先行词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担宾语)关系代词在从句中担宾语)4.The reason why he did that was unacceptable (先行词)(关系代词)(先行词)(关系代词)( 关系代词在从句中担原因状语)关系代词在从句中担原因状语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 AsAs 的用法的用法as引导定语从句:引导引导定
36、语从句:引导 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句 引导非引导非限限定制性定语从句定制性定语从句As 限定性定语从句As引导限定性定语从句,主要用在suchas和和the sameas的结构中可代替先行词是人或物的名词,在可代替先行词是人或物的名词,在the sameas结构中结构中as也可用that代替Lets discuss only such questions as concern us(as:作主语)译:让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题吧No one will believe such stories as he told (as作宾语) I have never seen such kind
37、of people as they are (as作表语)This is the watch as (或that) I have lost (as作宾语)注:有时the same .as结构中,as也可用作关系副词 He works in the same shop as (that) I do (as作地点状语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 引导非限定性定语从句As引导的非限定性定语从句,代替整个主句,对其进行说明,其位置较灵活,可位于主句前,主句中,主句后,通常由逗号与其主句隔开He
38、 is an Englishman, as (=which) I know from his accent(as代替主句,在主句中作宾语)As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner(as代替主句,在从句中作主语)As引导时间状语从句, 意为“当。时”As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster(he was可省略,用法用when ,as, when, if引导的时间状语从句,条件状语从句,若其逻辑主语与主句主语相同,可省略)He
39、sang as he worked我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物As引导的方式状语从句, 意为“像.一样”We must do as the teacher told usAs 引导原因状语从句, 意为“由于”As you are tired , you had better rest我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物As引导的让步状语从句,意为“虽然”“尽管”Child as he is
40、 ,he can do it well=Although/though he is a child ,he can do it wellSmall as it was, the army had great fighting capacity=Though/although it was small, the army had great fighting capacityHard as (though) he studied ,he didnt pass the examination =Though/although he studied hard ,he didnt pass the e
41、xamination我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 同位语从句同位语从句1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句 的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分,常见的有: fact, idea, news, hope, evidence, suggestion, order, problemThe doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancerThe discov
42、ery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton同位语从句通常由that引出,但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由 whether, when, where, how, what, why引出They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the workI have no idea when he will return我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物有
43、时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后,有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后,而是被其它词隔开而是被其它词隔开An idea occurred him that he might borrow the money from his father 发生 ,出现They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看:同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分, 定语从
44、句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong(同位语从句that在从句中不担当任何成分)The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语)我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物 主语从句名词性的从句可作句子主语,这种从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词通常有who whom when where why w
45、hat who whom when where why what how which whose whetherhow which whose whether等,等,主语从句的引导词不能省略,由从句做主语时,谓语动词用单数形主语从句的引导词不能省略,由从句做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式式What I said is important to youHow to get there is still not decideWhether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事
46、我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物说明:主语从句可以直接放在主语位置,也可用it作做形式主语1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all It is known to all that light travels in straight lines 众所周知,光是以直线运行众所周知,光是以直线运行2.When the plane is to take off has not been announced It has not be
47、en announced when the plane is to take off 飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物注注:A.当what引导的主语从句表示“东西”时。不用it作形式语What he wants is a bookB 如果带主语从句的句子是疑问句,则必须用it作形式主语的结构Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task谁将被派出执行这个任务决定了吗?谁将
48、被派出执行这个任务决定了吗?我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物C it作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定用法和译法,作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定用法和译法, 通常有通常有4种情况种情况 1.It is +名词+从句 2.It is a fact that. 事实是事实是. 3.It is a good news that., 是个好消息是个好消息 4.It is a question that. 是个问题是个问题 5.It is common knowledge that .是个常识是个
49、常识我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物1.It is + +形容词形容词+ +从句从句2.It is necessary that有必要有必要 3.It is clear that. 很清很清楚楚 4.It is (un) likely that 很可能很可能 5.It is important that主要的是主要的是.我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物1.It is +过去分词过去分词+
50、+从句从句2.It is said that据说据说.3.It is reported that 据报道据报道.4.It has been proved that.已证明已证明 5.It must be pointed out that必须指出必须指出 我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的东西,为什么把它放在这样一个美丽的世界里呢?但是我也感到愉快,证实我的猜测没有错:表里边有一个活的生物It +不及物动词不及物动词+ +从句从句It seems that.好像是好像是.It happened that.碰巧碰巧It follows that . 结果是结果是.我吓了一跳,蝎子是多么丑恶和恐怖的