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1、第一章 并列句一、 并列句的构成：简单句+并列连词+简单句常见并列连词：表顺接表转折表选择表因果and BothandNot onlywbut alsoNot onlybutNot onlybutas well 但是：butyetwhilewhereasor 或者Eitheror 二选一Neithernor 两者都不for因为so所以Eg: The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.二、 并列句的省略：相同部分可省略，不同部分保持不变Eg: The program keeps tracks
2、of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.【考场攻略】：找到并列句省略的部分Eg: You can become a lawer in three years and you can become a medical doctor in four. You can become a lawer in three years and a medical doctor in four. Eg: He visited the Casino,he lost the $20 an
3、d he left. He visited the Casino,lost the $20 and left.第二章 复合句（复合句=主句+从句）一名词性从句 宾语从句1、 宾语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作宾语2、 宾语从句的写法：主句+连接词+从句（主句缺什么，连接词用什么；从句为陈述句）Eg:1）Dr.worm acknowledges that these figures are conservation. (that不作成分可省略) 2）We suddenly cant remember where we put the keys just a moment ago. 3）I
4、 dont know if other clients are going to abandon me ,too. 4）Why do so many Americans distrusts what they read in their newspapers?3、 宾语从句的位置：（1）及物动词+宾语从句Eg：1）Scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.2）This may also explain why we are not usually sensit
5、ive to our own smells3）users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.(双宾)（2）介词+宾语从句Eg: 1)This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between court and politics.2)Those difference are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.（
6、3）形容词+宾语从句() Eg: He felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.4、 考研中常出现的三种宾语从句:（1）非谓语动词+宾语从句：（不一定是谓语动词+宾从，只要是及物动词就可加宾语从句）Eg: 1)You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. 2)Neither of these pattern is borne out by the analysis,sugges
7、ting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.（2）多个宾语从句：Eg: To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. （3）宾语从句后置，it作形式宾语：（条件：宾语从句太长；必须
8、在主谓宾补的句子中）Eg: That kinds of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements. 表语从句1、 表语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作表语2、 表语从句的写法：同宾语从句，但that不作成分也不可以省略Eg: 1)The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.2)Part of the problem is that the just
9、ices are not bound by an code.3)This is where developing new habits comes in.4)Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. 3、表语从句的位置：位于系动词后 主语从句1、 主语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作主语2、 主语从句的写法：同宾语从句，但that不作成分也不可省略；表达“是否”时，宾从、表从whether/if可任选其一，而主语从句只能用whetherEg: 1)Whats needed is a package dea
10、l. 2)That the seas are being over fished has been known for years. 3)What motivated himwas his zeal for “fundamental fairness”. 4)Whether the communitys work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.3、 主语从句的位置：（1）位于句首：谓语动词前（2）位于句末：主语从句太长，用it作形式主语Eg: 1)It didnt matter what
11、 was done in the experiment. 2)It is becoming less clear,however,that such a theory would be simplification. 4、 主语从句用于写作：（1）It is done+主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点看法）Eg: 1)This year,it was proposed that the system be changed 2)It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are
12、sad（2）It is+adj./n.+主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）Eg: 1)It is obvious that their views wre less fully intellectualized. 2)It is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. 同位语从句1、 同位语从句的含义:一个句子放到另一个句子里解释说明名词（原句不缺成分）2、 同位语从句的写法：同宾语从句，但that不作成分也不可省略；最常用的是that引导Eg: 1)Wri
13、ting in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thrity.2)Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting change is limited and mixed.3)A century years ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that d
14、reams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears4)Part of the fame of Allens book is its contention that”Circumstance do not make a person,they reveal him”.5)Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged familities,ignoring the fact that child
15、ren from wealthy homes also commit crimes.3、 同位语从句的位置：位于抽象名词后常见抽象名词：idea,opinion,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,theory,belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarantee【名词性从句小结】：四种名词性从句写法基本相同，位置不同一、 定语从句1. 定语从句的概念：一个句子放到另一个句子里作定语，修饰限定名词（同位语从句只能修饰抽象名词，而定语从句修饰限定任何名词）Eg: Law is a discipline whic
16、h encourages responsible judgement. (定语从句的每一个关系词都作成分)2. 定语从句的写法：先行词n.+关系词+陈述句先行词关系词事/物Which/that人Who/whom(只能作宾语)/that人/物（表示人或物的所有关系，即“某人的/某物的”）Whose时间When地点Where原因why(1).先行词是事/物，关系词用which/thatEg: 1)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experie
17、nce. 2)Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.(2).先行词是人，关系词用who/whom(只能作宾语时用)/thatEg: 1）Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. 2）Retailers that master the intricacies of who
18、lesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.(3).先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词用whoseEg: 1）On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world. 2) This ,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refers to discrimin
19、ation against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(4).先行词是时间，关系词用whenEg: 1）It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
20、(5).先行词是地点，关系词选择whereEg: 1）In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak(6).先行词是原因，关系词选择whyEg: 1）the other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.(7).特殊的关系词whereby=by whichEg: The definition also excludes
21、the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意： 定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分，包括That Whom指人，只能在作宾语时使用 When/where/why引导定语从句时，前面的先行词必须与之匹配 关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以省略Eg: 1）All humans actually aware of the world they li
22、ve in? 2) these rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay.3. 定语从句的分类：He will call his friend who is working in London.（限定性定语从句，先行词范围不明确，需限定，不要逗号隔开）He will call his mother,who is working in London.（非限定性定语从句，先行词范围明确，不需限定，需要逗号隔开）限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句逗号无逗号有逗号先行词范围不明确范围明确作用修饰限定
23、先行词，不能省略，影响表意补充说明先行词，可以省略，不影响表意翻译往前翻译单独翻译成一句话关系词 关系词可以用that 作宾语可以省略 指人作宾语，用whom/who/that都行 关系词不能用that 不可以省略 指人作宾语，只能用whom4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别： 同位语从句是解释说明名词；定语从句是修饰限定名词（类似于形容词的作用） 同位语从句只能解释说明抽象名词；定语从句修饰限定任何名词补充1：特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话，关系词只能用which/as）Eg: 1）Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way t
24、o do business. 2) A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of language,which is why children can learn it so quickly. 3) Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a persons early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. 4) As a New
25、s Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in rencent years.补充2：介词提前的定语从句Eg: 1）Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment which they live in.Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which
26、they live.2)commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections which a sample is compared mercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.3）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed4)This is
27、 the credibility process,through which the individual researchers me,here,now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere,anytime.注意：介词可以提前，也可以不提前，但如果介词提前了：指人介词+whom，指物介词+which【考场攻略】： 找到从句不必纠结于从句的种类 非限定性定语从句可省略不看 找到定语从句和先行词there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas
28、.(一般情况下从句挨着先行词，若从句没有挨着先行词，用代入法看是否合适)二、 状语从句1 状语从句的含义：一个句子放到另一个句子里作状语。2 状语从句的写法：连接词+完整的句子（连词不做成分，表逻辑关系）Eg: 1)when the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. 2)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.3. 状语从句的位置：位于主句前、中、后(前)As the ec
29、onomy picks up, opportunities will around for aspiring leaders.(后) Opportunities will around for aspiring leaders, As the economy picks up.(中) Opportunities, As the economy picks up ,will around for aspiring leaders。4. 状语从句的分类：（共9种5种常用）主要由连词决定，连词表示什么意思就是什么状语从句(1)时间状语从句Eg: 1)But in some cases,one mar
30、ketersowned media become another marketers paid media-for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. 2)In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. 3)As the brain fades,we refer to these occurrences as”senior moments
31、.”(refer A as B提到A的时候作为B) 4)Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. 5)Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. 6)And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competitio
32、n for gamblers dollars has become intense. 7)Grammer,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. 8)As soon as that report runs,well suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine 9)By the time 100 percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.(2)地点状语从句(where)Eg: 1)”The traditional ru
33、le was its safer to stay where you are,but thats been fundamentally inverted.”says one headhunter.(3)原因状语从句（becausesinceasnow that显而易见的原因“既然”）Eg: 1)Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied. 2)Since desire and will are damaged by the pres
34、ence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:”We do not attract what we want,but what we are.” 3)Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us 4)Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis,you can assem
35、ble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.注意：for表示原因引导的是并列句，不是状语从句(4)结果状语从句Eg: 1)Indeed,homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly cope. 2)We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place
36、 their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 3)Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Suchthat(such接名词和名词词组) 太所以Sothat(so接形容词和副词) 太所以So that后面没有情态动词表所以,后面有情态动词表目的(5)目的状语从句（so thatin order that）Eg: 1)In December 2010 Ameri
37、cas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.(6)条件状语从句（ifunlessas long asso long asonce）Eg: 1) If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of
38、 a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. 2) Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receive intellectual credit. 3) If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide. (7)让步状语从句（明让步，暗转折，译为“尽
39、管虽然但是”）Eg: 1)Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggest that emotions can flow from muscular responses. 2)After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. 3)The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be
40、 the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 4)While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(8)比较状语从句Eg: 1)Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than t
41、hey were, 2)In the general population today, at this genetic, environment level, were pretty much gone as far as we can go,(9)方式状语从句Eg: 1)During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. 2)Beethovens music tends to move from chaos to order as if
42、 order were an imperative of human existence.注意：as作从属连词，引导状语从句 引导时间状语从句：当时候 引导原因状语从句：因为 引导比较状语从句：和一样 引导方式状语从句：按照方式；如同【考场攻略】：完形填空中，选择从属连词：根据上下文意思，理清逻辑关系根据从属连词，判断上下文之间的逻辑关系第三章 特殊句式一、倒装（主谓谓主）1、全部倒装（全部谓语动词都移到主语前）Eg: 1)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville 2)Implicit within Tylors definitio
43、n is the concept 3)Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.There be句型：there be +n+介词短语表“有，客观存在”是倒装句Eg: 1)There is a girl.A girl is there.2)There is no gap between mind and matter.3)There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. 4)but there have been controversial views abou
44、t its economic, political, social and cultural implications. 5)There may be more matches in the database2、部分倒装（部分谓语动词移到主语前）写法：相当于把陈述句变为一般疑问句种类：(1) 否定副词或词组位于句首:Eg: 1)and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different people and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 2)Not only di
45、d they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system(2)Only位于句首:Eg: 1)Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. 2)And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined h
46、istory from the bottom up.(3)虚拟条件句省略if:If Entergy had kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.省略if：But had Entergy kept its word, that debete would be beside the point.二、强调It isthat1强调句的构成：It is +强调部分+that+句子余下部分Eg: We hear the more honest argument only in recent years.强调时间：It is only in recent years that We hear the more honest argument.注意：把要强调的部分放入it is后即可，但形容词和动词不能被强调，除此之外，句子中的其他成分均可被强调2. 强调句的变化：强调现在：It isthat强调过去：It wasthat强调人：It isthat/whoEg: 1)It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellec