高中英语语法-句子精讲.docx

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1、语法专题一词性1、词性的分类词性又叫词类，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类：1 名词 noun n. student 学生2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 数词 numeral num. three 三4 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的5 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地6 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割7 冠词 article art. a 一个8 介词 preposition prep. at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和10 感叹词 interjection interj

2、. oh 哦前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。2、名词(n.)什么叫名词？表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词叫做名词。特点：有可数（countable noun c.n）和不可数(uncountable noun u.n)之分；可数名词有复数形式变化。名词分类普通名词可数名词个体名词指单个人或事物集体名词指一群人或一些事物总称不可数名词物质名词指无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念专有名词专门指代某一人、物、地点、机构、组织等，首字母一般要大写可数名词复数的规则变化一般情况加-s以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾，且读音为s,z, , , 的名词加-e

3、s以-f或-fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为v再加-es,有特例以辅音字母+y结尾的名词以-o结尾的名词大多有生命的，加-es 大多无生命的和“元音字母+o”结尾的名词，直接加-s特例口诀：名词的句法功能做主语：做宾语：做定语：做表语：做同位语：做补足语：做称呼语：做状语：名词做定语与名词所有格做定语的区别：3、代词（pron.）什么叫代词？在句中代替名词或代替相当于名词的词、短语或句子的词称为代词。代词和名词关系密切。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。代词的种类：英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代

4、词九种反身代词 反身代词使动作的发出者把动作反射回到本人。因此，反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性、数上应保持一致。反身代词可在句子中作宾语、同位语、表语等成分，但不可做主语。 做宾语：既可做动词宾语，也可做介词宾语。 做同位语：主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，通常紧放在被修饰名词或代词后，或放在句末。 做表语：表示主语和表语是同一人或事物。 反身代词用于be, feel,seem,look等后做表语，还可表示身体或精神处于正常状态。如：Im not feeling myself today.译： 反身代词的固定短语：by oneself 独自地 of oneself自动地 i

5、n oneself 本身固有 for oneself 亲自 = in person, in the flesh指示代词: this, that, these, those用来指代或标记人或事物的代词。指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词。 that, those还可做替代词，用来代替已提到过的名词，以避免重复。代词比较辩异：one， that和itone表示泛指，与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个。 that表示特指, 与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个。 it表示特指, 指代上文的相同事物。 例如：I cant find my

6、hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物)疑问代词指人： who， whom， whose 指物： what 既可指人又可指物： which4、形容词及其用法形容词(adjective)，简称adj.或a.，很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。形

7、容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice以-ly结尾的形容词1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyThe Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如

8、：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry句法功能： 定语： 表语：与系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质、特征、状况等。 宾语和主语补足语：说明宾语和主语的性质、状态或特征等。 状语：单独起一个无动词分句作用。5、副词及其基本用法副词（adverb，简写为adv）是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词按功能可分为：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、频率副词、疑问副词和连接副词时间副词地点副词方式副词程度副词频

9、率副词疑问副词连接副词副词的句法功能：做状语：可修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句。做表语：主要指主语的方向、方位、动作情况。做定语：主要是表示时间和地点的副词，要后置。做宾补或主补：主要用来说明宾语或主语所处的位置、状态等。副词的位置：兼有两种形式的副词1) close与closelyclose意思是“近”； closely 意思是“仔细地”He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与latelylate意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近”You have come too late. What have you been

10、doing lately？6、 动词(1)及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。1. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six.

11、2. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)3. 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动

12、词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1. Most birds can fly.（ ）考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3. It happened yesterday.（ ）考点4. My watch stopped.（ ）考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）考点7. Shall I begin at once?（ ）考点8. She

13、 began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）(2)实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词，具有完整意义，可以单独做谓语，表示主语的动作、状态、品质。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，

14、意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）帮助构成

15、否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a m

16、istake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，will, 它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以

17、作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时， had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。1. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? 2. He does ( )

18、 like ( ) swimming.3. Where does( ) he live ( )?4. He does ( ) some washing after work.5. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.6. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.7. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.8. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.（3）情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情

19、态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义，用以表示特殊的“感情”和“态度”,表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法，表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。如：He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）7、介词 介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和

20、它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词，介词（是prepositions，简称prep)，又称前置词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，连接主语和表语。特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强，可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读。在定语从句“介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用that 代替whom/which。She is a good student from whom we should learn.介词的种类 介词分简单介词和短语介词两种，简单介词及单个介词，

21、如 in ，under ，on ，for ，after ，等，短语介词指多个单词构成的介词，如in front of ，out of ，instead of ，far from ，apart from 等8、连词连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and， but， or， nor， so， therefore， yet， however， for， hence， as well as， bothand， not onlybut also， eitheror， n

22、eithernor， (and)then等等。并列连词并列关系转折关系选择关系 因果推理关系从属连词 语法专题二句子成分第23页英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。1. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从

23、句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When w

24、e are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small v

25、illage.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.正确运用主语的各种形式2. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may kee

26、p the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.谓语动词有人称和数的变化，时态、语态、语气的变化。3. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become,

27、 get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours? c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby is playi

28、ng football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.4. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with the

29、ir housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.5. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词

30、充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done

31、on time.6. 主语补足语对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People

32、 there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我

33、们班最高的那个男孩）d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is

34、his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our

35、city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he w

36、as to march past the palace in the team.用活形容词短语作后置定语 8. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.

37、（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.正确安排并列状语的顺序频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动

38、词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.注意频度副词的位置状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步、伴随和比较等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the thi

39、rd floor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interest

40、ed in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroo

41、m. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 9. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中哪个是同位语。The young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Ou

42、r English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs语法专题三句子结构（一）简单句的五种基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型结构如下：主语 谓语用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主

43、谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）定语（attribute）状语 (adverbial)补语（complement）表语（predicative）基本句型一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark cloud

44、s hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )基本句型二： （主系表）系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何辨别系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如： She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。)