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1、附录A 外文文献Far Infrared Heating Technology and Status1、The discovery of infrared radiation Infrared radiation is usually called infrared. In ancient times,people have known the light and the heat of solar radiation. Up to 1676, Newton ,the Btritish, found the band of light of red, orange,Yellow, green,
2、 green, blue, purple - the solar spectrum, using the glass prism. In 1800, Hirsh, the British would like to measure the different color of sunlight to see which color have the most significant thermal effect of light ,so he repeated the experiment of Newton :lead the sunlight to a dark room from a s
3、eam, let it pass through the glass prism, then a red, orange, yellow, green, blue,and purple colour light band appeared. He put a mercury thermometer respectively on every colourful light band colour,and at the same time he put other unused thermometer casually on the table .Once he came across that
4、, in the dark, the temperature rise of the thermometer near to the red were much higher than that of thermometer on any other color.So he wrote to the Royal Society of Literature,he said“there are at least a part of the heat of the sunlight are included in a invisiblelight ”After that,people called
5、this “invisiblelight” as infrared ray or infrared radiation.2、The initial application stage abroad of the infrared heating technologyAlthought the the discovery of infrared radiation are in the early 19th,the real widely used in industrial production, military and various scientific research is unti
6、ll the World War II. In the 1930s, Ford Motor Company first applied the infrared radiation technology to the car paint drying process . At that time , the infrared lamp was used as the radiation source, due to restrictions of the glass shade, only one of the near-infrared energy were used. It was no
7、t until the Japanese developed the magnesium oxide and silicon carbide tube sheet, and promote the benefits of far infrared heating technology,that the technology attracted everyones attention again . For many compounds, the heating effect of using the far-infrared is much better than that of using
8、near-infrared .With the rapid development of industry and science and technology, energy needs conflicts have deepened. Japan, given a high priority on energy-saving technologies for lacking of energy resources . Japan began developing far-infrared radiation component in 1964,which has been widely u
9、sed in the production in the early 70s . Since then, the far infrared heating technology had developed into a new field rapidly . Because of its obviously energy savings effect, more and more countries attach importance to the development and application of this technology. After research of the sci
10、entists, a multi-ratio thermometer sensitive infrared detector, artificial infrared radiation, IR precision instruments - infrared spectroscopy has been created successively. The current sensitivity of the detector can be 10000 times higher than that of the normal mercury thermometer . The infrared
11、beam produced by the laser technology, can make the power density that shined on the sample be 100 million times highter than that of the solar higher; FTIR spectra of the performance of decomposition than a thousand times higher than Newton spectrophotometry. Determination of infrared radiation spe
12、ctral rangeInfrared radiation effect with visible light, ultraviolet and radio waves are all electromagnetic waves. Their propagation speed is the same, which is up to 300,000 km per second. Their difference can be expressed by wavelength. The wavelength of visible light is about 0138 0175Lm ,while
13、the infrared radiation is 0175 1000Lm,and the longer wave is the microwave and radio waves. Infrared radiation and other electromagnetic waves, both communicate directly by radiation, that is to say they wont need any medium to communicate like that of voice. Then, the visible light and the infrared
14、 radiation can be transmitted through the space to the earth . According to the wavelength the infrared radiation can be subdivided into several regions . According to the classification by industry, the infrared between the range of 0175 114Lm is called the near-infrared , range of 114 310Lm is cal
15、led the mid-infrared , the infrared between the range of 310 1000Lm is called the far infrared.The so called far infrared heating is mainly that use the infrared radiation between the range of 215 1000Lm to the application of “Heating” . 3.The initial application stage of Far Infrared heating techno
16、logy in China.The initial far-infrared heating and drying technology of Far infrared heating technology is determined by the development of far infrared heating elements in China. In 70s far-infrared devices used in many as silicon carbide, metal tube, resistance band, ceramics, semiconductors, cera
17、mics and other components in our country. Because of their different materials and manufacturers, These components performance is good or bad arrhythmia, general power conversion efficiency of radiation 40 to 50%.4.The Match the absorption of heat of Far Infrared TechnologyThe so-called matching whe
18、n radiation is infrared radiation onto the object to the frequency and composition of the material elements of the object with the same frequency, The molecules on the resonance absorption of infrared radiation energy, and intermolecular energy transfer to intramolecular energy increases, so the ave
19、rage molecular kinetic energy is increased, the performance of the object temperature. The meaning of Match the absorption is the Selective radiation of frequency the Infrared heaters emits is In line with the vibration frequency of molecular of the heated material itself. At this point shall match
20、the resonance absorption dues to absorption.Match the absorption of the thin-layer heating is important, Such as paint, plastics processing . drying of some dehydration salts and so on. But it has little significance for thick material heating Because far infrared penetration for the general substan
21、ce is very low. General it can only penetrates a few micrometers to several millimeters between. Even if its energy is not absorbed by the surface elements will be absorbed within the object, In this case, we can reduce the reflectivity to increase the absorption rate. Because some of the heated mat
22、erial and baking quality or processing technology requirements, The heated objects hoping to be inside and outside the heat, Such as: wood drying, hoping to heat inside and outside to to avoid cracking; Another example is the melting of plastic inside and outside the heat is also required in order t
23、o avoid the aging of the external temperature too high.In the mid 80 domestic scientific and technological workers in the far-infrared radiation developed SHQ milk quartz tube, gold-plated quartz tube, glass-ceramic far infrared lamps, and other new components according to matching theory, These com
24、ponents of energy conversion efficiency of radiation is in the 60 65%.5、 The Status of far Infrared heating technology The heating medium temperature field of far Infrared heating technology in the 70s is only 0 450 .It had reached 600 750 in the 80s. In the previous far-infrared heating drying tunn
25、el, oven though the main emphasis of radiation heating, but there are some heat by conduction, convection in the form of heat. So, drying tunnel, oven sealed require to do Sealed, insulation. strong far-infrared directional radiator was successfully developed in mid-90s. It have a new breakthrough i
26、n the power conversion efficiency of radiation. The energy conversion efficiency of radiation up to 78% or more, Emittance greater than 92% .Thermal response time have less than 2 minutes. The product to strong infrared radiation in space along the vertical direction to form wide spectrum of wave ra
27、diation, thermal stability, long-term use, features refundable change, using the adjustable temperature between 60 900 . Thermal photon beam ti Issued . Uniform distribution in the radiation plane, Overcoming the problem of heating elements infrared temperature difference in the country.It provides
28、the necessary conditions for Chinas industrial structure, promoting the worlds advanced level open rapid drying models.For the drying tunnel, oven no longer required confined, insulation. Because the materials used in applications as the international, the most advanced technology, life greatly impr
29、oved . The products life far beyond the life of the domestic similar products. And maintenance is very simple and can be reused for many years, Tt overcomes the shortcomings of One-time use of similar products at home and abroad defects, It is the most ideal baking heating element in this period. Fr
30、om our 70 years of silicon carbide, metal tube, resistance band, ceramics, semiconductors, ceramics and other components to the 80 quartz tube, gold-plated quartz tube, glass-ceramic components such as lamps, to the strong current far infrared radiator，Far infrared heating technology to take the thr
31、ee big steps. Components of the power of far infrared radiation efficiency from 40% to 50% to 78%. Drying tunnel, oven by the closed, heat-based development to open. In short, Far Infrared heating technology in China has made gratifying achievements after 20 years of development .When Chinas power i
32、s in the current tense situation, raise the level of far infrared heating, energy conservation and improving the quality of heating and drying materials is a great significance.The technology of heating and drying areas should be vigorously promoted. 附录B中文翻译远红外加热技术的发展与现状1、红外辐射的发现红外辐射习惯上通称为红外线。在古代，人们
33、就知道太阳能辐射光和热。直至1676 年英国人牛顿用玻璃做的三棱镜发现了红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫色的光带太阳光谱。1800年英国人赫胥尔想测量太阳光中各种不同颜色的光究竟哪种颜色的光的热效应最明显, 于是他就重复了牛顿的实验; 把太阳光从一个细缝引到暗室内，让其通过玻璃三棱镜，于是出现了一条红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫色的彩色光带，他在彩色光带的每个颜色上分别放一个水银温度计，同时把不用的温度计随便放在桌子上。有一次他偶然发现在黑暗处靠近红色的温度计升温比任何其它颜色上的温度计的温度都要高得多。于是他写信给英国皇家学会，说:“.太阳光中的热量至少有一部分包含在一种看不见的光线中.”。以后人们就
34、把这部分“看不见的光线”称为红外线或红外辐射。2、红外加热技术在国外的初始应用阶段 红外加热技术在国外的初始应用虽然在19 世纪初就发现了红外辐射，但真正广泛的应用于工业生产、军事和各种科学研究领域却是到了第二次世界大战期间。30年代，美国福特汽车公司首先把红外辐射技术应用于汽车涂漆的烘干工艺上。当时使用红外灯泡作为辐射源，由于受玻璃灯罩的限制，只利用其中的近红外能量。直到日本研制成功氧化镁管和碳化硅板，并宣传了远红外加热技术的优点，这一技术重新引起了大家的注意。对许多化合物，应用远红外比用近红外线，其加热效果要好得多。随着工业和科学技术的高度发展，能源的需求矛盾日益加深。日本由于缺乏能源资源
35、，对节能技术给予高度的重视。日本在1964 年开始研制远红外辐射元件，70 年代初已广泛应用于生产，从此远红外加热技术迅速发展成为一个新兴领域，由于其明显的节能效果，越来越多的国家重视这一技术的发展和应用。经过许多科学工作者的研究，先后制造出了比温度计灵敏度高的多的红外探测器、人造红外辐射源、精密的红外光谱分析仪器红外光谱仪。目前探测器的灵敏度可以比普通的水银温度计高1 万倍; 利用激光技术生产的红外束，可使照到样品上的功率密度比太阳能高1 亿倍; 红外光谱仪分解光谱的性能也比牛顿分光法高出1千倍。3、红外辐射光谱范围确定红外辐射实际上同可见光、紫外线和无线电波等都属于电磁波，它们的传播速度都
36、一样， 每秒可达30 万公里。它们的区别可以用波长来表示; 可见光的波长大约为01380175Lm， 红外辐射为0175 1000Lm， 再长的电磁波就是微波和无线电波了。红外辐射和其它的电磁波一样，都是以辐射方式为直接传播，也就是说不象声音传播时需要媒介物。这样，从太阳和星球上发出来的可见光和红外线都能通过太空宇宙传到地球上来。红外辐射又可按波长的长短细分为几个区域。按工业上的分类方法，把0175 114Lm区间的红外线称为近红外，把114 310Lm 区间的红外线称为中红外，把310 1000Lm 区间的红外线称为远红外。所谓远红外辐射加热主要指是利用波长为215 1000Lm 的红外辐射
37、进行“热加工”应用。4、远红外加热技术在中国的初始应用阶段远红外加热技术在中国的初始应用远红外加热与干燥技术的发展主要是随着远红外加辐射元件的发展而决定的。在我国70 年代使用的远红外元件多为碳化硅、金属管、电阻带、陶瓷、半导体、搪瓷等元件，这些元件因其材质和制造厂家不同，其性能也良莠不齐，一般电能辐射转换效率在40 50% 之间。5、远红外加热技术匹配理的提出在任何加热装置中，热源均以对流、辐射和传导三种形式的热能传递给被加热物体。导热是指物体各部分无相对位移或不同物体直接接触时依靠物质分子、原子及自由电子等微观粒子的热运动而进行的热量传递现象。对流是依靠流体运动，把热量由一处传递到另一处的
38、现象。无论是导热还是对流，都必须通过冷热物体的直接接触或依靠常规物质为媒介来传递热量。但热辐射的机理则完全不同，它是依靠物体表面对外发射可见和不可见的射线来传递热量。辐射加热的传递速度快，又不通过任何介质，因而大大减少了热能传递过程中的损失，从而提高了热能利用率。因此，在远红外加热技术中突出辐射加热为主，提高电能辐射转换效率是其关键。经过我国远红外科技工作者们的实践和理论探讨，在80 年代初提出制造远红外元件的基本参数红外匹配辐射率，电能辐射转换率。前者是实现节能的必要条件，后者为充分条件。6、远红外的匹配吸收加热所谓匹配辐射是指当照射到物体上的红外线的频率与组成该物体的物质分子的振动频率相同
39、时，分子就会对红外辐射能量产生共振吸收，同时通过分子间能量的传递，使分子内能(振动能及转动能) 增加，也就是分子平均动能增加，表现为物体温度升高。匹配吸收的主要含义是指红外线加热器发射出来的选择性辐射的频率与被加热物质分子本身的振动频率相一致，此时引起的共振吸收即为匹配吸收。匹配吸收对薄层加热有重要意义，如烤漆、塑料加工和某些盐类的脱水干燥等。而对厚物料加热意义不大，因为远红外线对一般物质的穿透能力很低，一般只能穿透几微米到几毫米之间，其能量即使不被表面分子所吸收，也会被物体内所吸收，在这种情况下主要设法降低反射率，以此来提高吸收率。某些被加热物质由于烘烤质量或加工工艺要求，希望被加热物体内外
40、同时受热，如: 木材的烘干，希望内外同时受热以免开裂; 又如塑料的熔化亦要求内外同时受热以免外部温度过高而老化。因此，对这些物质加热时应考虑非匹配吸收，让一部分远红外线透入体内，达到均匀加热的目的。在80 年代中期国内远红外科技工作者们根据匹配辐射能理论，研制出SHQ 乳白石英管、镀金石英管、微晶玻璃灯等新型的远红外元件，这些元件的电能辐射转换效率在6065% 之间。7、远红外加热技术的应用现状远红外加热技术在70 年代仅限于0450的中温加热领域。到了80 年代已达到600 750的中温加热领域。在以前的远红外加热烘道、烘箱中虽然强调以辐射为主加热，但是还有一部分热能以传导、对流的形式加热。
41、因此烘道、烘箱都要求做到密闭、保温。到90 年代中期研制成功的远红外定向强辐射器，在电能辐射转换效率方面有新的突破。其电能辐射转换效率高达78% 以上，法向发射率大于92% ，热响应时间小于2 分钟。该产品以极强的红外辐射源在空间垂直沿内形成宽谱波定向辐射，热稳定性好，长期使用，特性不退变，使用温度在60 900之间任意可调。其发出的热光子束流，在辐射平面内均匀分布，克服了国内各种红外加辐射元件温度分布不均匀的问题。为在我国工业结构中推广世界先进水平的开放式快速干燥机型提供了必备条件(该产品是开放式干燥机型的核心环节)。即烘道、烘箱再不要求密闭、保温。该产品由于在材料应用中采用国际、国内最先进
42、的技术手段，使用寿命大大提高，远远超出了目前国内同类产品的使用寿命，并在维修上非常简单，可重复使用多年，克服了国内外同类产品一次性使用的弊端，是目前最为理想的烘烤加辐射元件。远红外加热技术从我国70 年代的碳化硅、金属管、电阻带、陶瓷、半导体、搪瓷等元件到80 年代的石英管、镀金石英管、微晶玻璃灯等元件， 一直到目前的远红外定向强辐射器，经过三个阶段， 迈出三大步。远红外元件的电能辐射转换效率由40 50% 提高到78% 以上。烘道、烘箱由密闭、保温型发展到开放型。总之，我国的远红外加热技术经过20 多年的发展取得了可喜的成绩。在当前我国电力十分紧张的情况下，远红外加热水平的提高，在节能和提高加热干燥物质量方面具有十分重要的意义。应在加热干燥领域大力推广这一技术。- 9 -