英语法律文件中的近义和同义词.doc

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1、法律文件中的近义和同义词 摘 要本文就法律文件用词精确这一特点探讨中英这类文件时经常遇到的近义和同义词问题用实例印证指出如何理解这些词并根据法律用语要求传意精确的特点如何选用文的词语以保证入语与原语具有对等的法律含意和功能 关键词近义和同义词法律文件入语原语 Abstract This article discusses the importance of the diction of nglish words of similar meanings and synonyms in the translation of legal documents from Chinese into ngl

2、ish and by analyzing a sampling of translated legal clauses tries to point out that correct nglish wording is essential to the total transmission of their meaning in relation to their legal functions in both source and translated languages Key Words words of similar meanings and synonyms legal docum

3、ents translated language source language 随着我国入世法律文件的研究已成为工作者的一项重要任务我们不仅要把国际的法律文本成中文使我们能了解熟悉国际法律我们还要把我国的涉外法规成英文使世界了解中国 法律文件包括各类法律文献如合同法公司法仲裁法等行政法规以及合同双缔约的合同文本合资企业的章程等要做好这类文件的中英首先要研究这两种语言在法律文件中的特点法律语言自成体系有自己个性与特点它要求准确规鲜明并有自身专业用语自成一家的语言结构掌握原语及入语的上述特点是好法律文件的根本 用词准确是法律文件的特点之一法律文件的权威性就是通过这点显示出来的所以文要保证入语准确

4、无误地表达出原语法律文件中的真含义因此法律文件英时英语词汇的选择尤显重要选词时要考虑到近义和同义词的区分单复数的不同含义还要注意到中英词汇广义狭义具体意义和抽象意义的不同之处本文凭借一些例子探讨见诸法律文件中这类英语近义和同义词的确用法以确保入语的准确性 关于request 和 require的区别 例 人民法院有权要求当事人提供或者补充证据 原 A peoples court shall have the authority to request the parties to provide or supplement evidence 英语表示要求这个词大致有个即ask request r

5、equire ask为泛指request和 require为特指request表示make a request所以 request sb to do sth 是请求某人做某事是下对上的要求而require表示order demand 是命令要求之意指上对下的要求比如法律条款对当事人的要求业主对雇员的要求此句中人民法院对当事人的要求当然是require文使用request不准确此句可改为 A peoples court shall have the authority to require the parties to provide or supplement evidence 关于legal

6、lawful 和legitimate的区别 例 公司职工依法组织工会开展工会活动维护职工的合法 权益 原 The staff and workers of a company organize a trade union in accordance with the law to carry out union activities and protect the lawful rights and interests of the staff and workers 原文的维护职工的合法权益意为维护职工的合法当权益因此文用lawful欠准确应为legitimate 关于合法的英文中有三个词l

7、egallawful 和legitimate它们意思很近但有差别legal按牛津现代高级辞典意为connected with in accordance with authorized or required by the law 法律上的 合法的法律承认的法律要求的法定的 它强调 合乎国家式颁布的法律的或经法律许可的例如诉讼过程应为the course of legal proceedings即法定程序所谓法定是指合乎国家式颁布的所以法律行为是legal act法定地址是legal address法定代理人是legal agent司法协助是legal assistance法人是legal e

8、ntity法律事务是legal business法律效力是legal effect法律效用是legal effectiveness法定财产是legal estate等 lawful 意为allowed by lawaccording to law 合法的法定的 是强调合理合法的意为合乎或不违反国家的法律教会的戒律或道德的标准与legal legitimate有差别 例如合法行为是lawful action合法政党是lawful party合法财产是lawful property合法席位是lawful seat合法婚姻是lawful wedlock等 legitimate 意为lawful re

9、gular reasonable 合法的规的合理的可说明为当的 是强调既是合法的又是当的指根据法律公认权威与准则为当的例如合法防卫当防卫是legitimate defence合法的自由当的自由是legitimate freedom合法收入当收入是legitimate income合法的宗教活动是legitimate religious activities等准此原文的职工的合法权益应理解为合法当权益文中lawful rights and interests of the staff and workers应改为legitimate rights and interests of the sta

10、ff and workers又原系叙事而原文是法律规定含义大有出入所以全句可改为 The staff and workers of a company may in accordance with the law organize a trade union to carry out union activities and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the staff and workers 关于formulate和enact的区别 例 为了发展对外贸易维护对外贸易秩序促进社会主义市 场经济的健康发展制定本法 原 This

11、Law is formulated with a view to developing the foreign trade maintaining the foreign trade order and promoting a healthy development of the socialist market economy 制定为formulated不十分准确目前国内法律文件中凡提及制定法律一般用此词各文件相互参照似乎formulate已成为惯用法根据牛津现代高级英文辞典定义formulate意为express clearly and exactly即明确表达比如formulate on

12、es thoughts a doctrine明确表达思想或宗旨法律英语中表示制定法律应用动词enact按上述辞典定义enact意为make a law decree ordain制定法律颁令规定比如制定法律应为enact a law制定条文是enact clauses其名词enactment也有制定规定颁布通过法令法规等意比如enactment of law制定法律法的制定为顾及习惯用法并按照英文法律文件的语言特点采用同义词连用此句可改为 This Law is formulated and enacted in order to develop the foreign trade maint

13、ain the foreign trade order and promote a healthy development of the socialist market economy 关于terms和clause的区别in reasonable ways和in a reasonable manner的区别 例 采用格式条款订立合同的提供格式条款的一应当遵 循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务并采取合理的 式请对注意免除或者限制其责任的条款按照对的要求 对该条款予以说明 原 Where standard terms are adopted in concluding a contract t

14、he party which supplies the standard terms shall define the rights and obligations between the parties abiding by the principle of fairness request the other party to note the exclusion or restriction of its liabilities in reasonable ways and explain the standard terms according to the requirement o

15、f the other party 评此段文有多处用词不当的地 原文的格式条款不能直接按字面出中文的条款一词有两种含义一是表示条件条款意为规定二是表示合同法律文件中某一具体条款例如第几条款这里的格式条款应该属于后一种因为合同有格式条款与非格式条款两种而不是规定因此格式条款不能成 standard terms Terms pl 意为conditions provisions比如根据合同条件条款我们应成in accordance with the terms conditions and provisions of the contract 本条文里的格式条款应成 standard clauses

16、clause意为 legal complete paragraph in an agreement or legal document法律即合同协议法律文件的条款所以合同第条款应成Clause of the contract 原文中的合理的式成 in reasonable ways不妥way一般表示 method法有时也表示 condition state degree情形状态及程度比如大规模地可成in a big way合理的式应成 in a reasonable manner manner 表示式可数通常作单数比如以这种式可成in this manner 此句可改为 Where stand

17、ard clauses are adopted in concluding and entering into a contract the party supplying the standard clauses shall under the principle of fairness define the rights and obligations between the parties thereto ask the other party in a reasonable manner to note the clause on the exclusion or restrictio

18、n of its liabilities and explain the standard clauses in accordance with the requirement of the other party 关于revoke和rescind的区别 例 合同无效或者被撤销后因该合同取得的财产应当予 以返还 原 The property acquired as a result of a contract shall be returned after the contract is confirmed to be null and void or has been revoked 原文的

19、被撤销为 has been revoked欠准确应为rescind按牛津现代高级双解辞典定义revoke意为repeal cancel withdraw a decree consent permission etc 即废止撤销取消宣告命令同意允许等无效例如取消决定可成revoke a decision撤销委托可成revoke commission吊销执照可成revoke a licence rescind意为legally repeal annual cancel a law contract etc 即法律废止撤销法规合约等例如取消合约 可成rescind an agreement废除法律

20、可为rescind a law废除不合理的规章可为rescind the unreasonable rules取消判决可为rescind a judgment 根据上述定义本句可改为 The property acquired by either party as a result of a contract shall be returned to the other party after the contract is confirmed to be null and void or has been rescinded 关于reject和refuse的用法负责任的人与负责人的区别 例

21、合同生效后当事人不得因姓名名称的变更或者法定代 表人负责人承办人的变更而不履行合同义务 原 After a contract becomes effective the parties may not reject to perform the obligations of the contract because of modification of the title or name of the parties or change of the statutory representative the responsible person or the executive person

22、of the parties原文中的不得而不履行合同义务为 may not reject to perform the obligations of the contract是误应将reject改为refuse按牛津现代高级英文辞典reject法律上意为refuse to accept即拒绝不接受驳回比如不受理申诉可为reject a complaint驳回证据可为reject a proof驳回上诉可为reject an appealrefuse意为show unwillingness to accept something offered 拒绝拒受拒给不愿等意例如不准保释拒绝保释可为ref

23、use bail拒绝履行可成refuse to perform拒绝查帐可为refuse inspection of books抗税可为refuse to pay tax 原文中的负责人成responsible person不妥 Responsible指负有职责有责任感可靠与负责人不是一回事例如Isnt he too young for such a responsible job 让他负责如此重要的职责他是否太年轻了又如Alice is a very responsible baby-sitter 阿莉丝看小孩很负责任Give the job to a responsible man 把工作交

24、给负责任的人Betty is a responsible young lady贝蒂是个有责任感的姑娘 position 作可数名词多作单数表示处境境地之意例如A man in his position might have done the same thing 一个处于他位置的人也会做出同样的事 Madame Michel found herself in an embarrassing position 米歇尔夫人发现她处境很尴尬 负责人应为the person in a responsible position 即处于负责岗位上的人准此此句可改为 After a contract bec

25、omes effective the parties thereto shall not refuse to perform the obligations of the contract due to the modification of the title or name of the parties thereto or the change of the statutory representative the person in a responsible position or the executive person of the parties thereto 关于enlar

26、ge和increase的区别 例 当事人一违约后对应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大 没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿 原 After one party violates a contract the other party shall take proper measures to prevent from the enlargement of losses if the other party fails to take proper measures so that the losses are enlarged it may not claim any compen

27、sation as to the enlarged losses 原文中的防止损失的扩大应理解为防止损失的增加因此成enlarge不妥应为increase根据牛津现代高级英文辞典的定义enlarge意为make or become larger 扩大增大 比如放大相片enlarge a photograph扩建房屋enlarge ones houseincrease意为make or become greater in size number degree etc即在尺寸大小数量程度上的增加增大增多损失的扩大意为损失程度的增加故应为 increase 另原中from和as to均系误见改此句可

28、改为 After either party violates a contract the other party shall take proper measures to prevent the increase of the loss Provided that if the other party fails to take proper measures so that the losses are increased the party in question shall not claim any compensation in relation to the increased

29、 losses 关于package和packing的区别 例 买卖合同的内容除依照本法第十二条的规定以外还可以 包括包装式检验标准和法结算式合同使用的文字 及其效力等条款 原 Other than those as stipulated in Article of this Law a sales contract may also contain such clauses as package manner inspection standards and method method of settlement and clearance language adopted in the co

30、ntract and its authenticity 原文中的包装式不能成package manner而应为manner of packing这两个意思相近的词中英时应特别注意 package意为parcel of things packed together即包包裹比如一捆信件a package of letters 二十支装的一包香烟a package of cigarettespacking 不可数名词意为process of packing goods 包装货物的过程打包打行李等意此句中的包装式自然是指包装的式打包的式而不是包裹的式样因此应成packing此句可改为 Besides

31、those specified in Article of this Law a sales contract may also contain such clauses as manner of packing inspection standards and method of settlement and clearance and the language adopted in the contract and its authenticity 关于above over and beyond的用法 例 租赁期限六个月以上的应当采用书面形式当事人不 采用书面形式的视为不定期租赁 原 Wh

32、ere the lease term is above months the lease contract shall be in written form If the parties do not conclude it in written form it shall be deemed an unfixed lease 超过高于有三个英语用词above over beyond 但各自用法不同 六个月以上成above months不如beyond month好介词above表示greater in number price weight etc即数目大于价格高于重量超过但above有在之

33、上的意思指位置引伸为超出多余 或与无关之意因此通常在表示高低的才用above比如 The temperature is three degrees above zero 现在的温度是零上度 遇到数字和表示数量与长度的词语over较为常用over意为more than比如You have to be over to see this film 岁以上的人才能看这部电影There were over people at the pop art festival 参加流行艺术节的人数超过万 beyond意为 of time later than 指时间超过比如Dont stay out beyond

34、 oclock 点以后不要呆在外面 He never sees beyond the present 他眼光只看到现在 此句可改为 Where the lease term is beyond months the lease contract shall be made and concluded in a written form If the parties thereto fail to conclude the lease contract in written form the lease in question shall be deemed an unfixed lease 关

35、于urge 和remind的用法 例 承租人应当按照约定支付租金承租人经催告在合理期 限内仍不支付租金的出租人可以要求支付全部租金也可 以解除合同收回租赁物 原 The lessee shall pay the rent according to the terms of the contract If the lessee still does not pay the rent within a reasonable time limit after being urged the lessor may request it to pay all the rent or rescind th

36、e contract and take back the leased property 原文中的催告成urged欠准确应用remind根据牛津现代高级英文辞典定义urge表示request earnestly try to persuade strongly recommend 力请力劝推荐之意比如The salesman urged me to buy a new car 而remind somebody to do something 表示cause somebody to remember to do something提醒某人做某事比如Please remind me to answ

37、er that letter 请提醒我复信 原文中的承租人经催告后成英文时应进行语内理解为承租人经提醒才能使文准确原文中尚有其他不妥之处一并改如下 The lessee shall under the requirements and provisions of the contract pay rent If within a reasonable time limit after being reminded to do so the lessee still fails to pay the rent the lessor may request the lessee to pay al

38、l the rent or may rescind the contract and take back the leased property 关于at risk 和in danger的用法处于危险之中与处境危险的区别 例 承运人在运输过程中应当尽力援助患有急病分娩 遇险的旅客 原 A carrier shall during the period of carriage render whatever help assistance as it can to a passenger who is seriously ill or who is giving birth to a child

39、 or whose life is at risk 原文中的遇险的旅客成whose life is at risk是误遇险的旅客即旅客生命遇到危险应该成whose life is in dangerat risk一意为threatened by uncertainties such as failure loss etc 指可能遭到失败损失等意比如Is the governments income tax policy seriously at risk 政府的税收政策有可能招来大损失 in danger意为处境危险遇险例如He was in danger of losing his life

40、 他那时生命危在旦夕We were in danger of being hit by a stone我们有随时被石头砸伤的危险此句可改为 A carrier shall during the period of carriage render whatever help and assistance as it can to passenger who is seriously ill or who is giving birth or whose life is in danger 关于untrue和false的用法区别 例 因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情况造成承运人损失的 托运人应当承担

41、损害赔偿责任 原 Where a carrier suffers from damage due to untrue declaration or omission of important information by the shipper the shipper shall be liable for damages 原文的申报不实即为虚报英语的法律用词是false declarationUntrue declaration按字面出欠准确False有not right true real错误不对不真实之意也有deceiving lying欺骗不诚实之意比如假账false account诬

42、告false accusation欺骗性广告false advertisement假报告false report等此句可改为 Where due to the false declaration or omission of important information by the shipper a carrier suffers from damage the shipper shall be liable for the compensation for the damages 关于warehousing 和 warehoused的区别 例 保管人根据存货人或者仓单持有人的要求应同意其检

43、查 仓储物或者提取样品 原 At the request of the storing party or the person who holds the warehouse voucher the safekeeping party shall permit the person to check the warehousing goods or take samples 原文的仓储物不应为warehousing goods应为warehoused goods这里warehouse是及物动词意为to deposit store or store in or as if in a wareho

44、use 在仓库存放 warehousing一般作名词意为仓储仓储费仓储物应理解为仓储在仓库里的货物 因此为warehoused goods此句可改为 Upon the requirement of the storing party or the person who holds the warehouse warrant the safekeeping party shall permit the person in question to inspect the warehoused goods or take samples 关于goods carriage和 the carriage

45、of goods的用法区别 例 货物运输需要办理审批检验等手续的托运人应当将 办理完有关手续的文件提交承运人 原 Where such formalities as examination and approval or inspection are required for goods carriage the shipper shall submit the documents of fulfillment of the relevant formalities to the carrier 原文中的货物运输应为the carriage of goods意为carrying of good

46、s from place to place比如旅客运输的英文是carriage of passengers航空货物运输可为carriage of goods by air陆地货物运输为carriage of goods by land海上货物运输carriage of goods by seaCarriage of Goods by Sea Act为英国海洋货物运输法年Goods carriage 指 goods that are carried 运载的货物 此句可改为 Where such formalities as examination and approval orand inspection are required for the carriage of goods the shipper shall submit the documents of fulfillment of the relevant formalities to the carrier 中文的特点是用词简炼词义深奥用于法律文件更是如此中英时首先要把汉语的内含弄清法律文件用词严谨一字之差就有可能引起预想不到的后果近义和同义词表达的法律含义有时不互