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1、51系列单片机的结构和功能51系列单片机是英特尔公司生产的具有一定结构和功能的单片机产品。这家公司在1976年引入8位MCS - 48系列单片机后，于1980年又推出了8位高档的MCS - 51系列单片机。它包含很多种这类型的单片机，如8051，8031，8751，80C51BH，80C31BH等，它们的基本组成，基本性能和指令系统都是一样的。一般情况习惯用8051来代表51系列单片机。一个单片机的系统是由以下几部分组成：（1）一个8位CPU微处理器。（2）静态随机存取存储器，能够储存程序运行过程中产生的数据。（3）程序存储器ROM / EPROM中（4KB/8KB），用来保存程序和一些初始数
2、据。但是在一些单片机中不使用ROM / EPROM中，如8031，8032，80c系列等。（4）4个8排的I / O并行接口P0 P3，每个口可以用作输入，也可以用作输出。（5）2个定时器/计数器，每个定时器/计数器可设置计数用来计数外部事件，可以设置成常用的定时方式，并可以根据计算或结果控制单片机的运行。（6）五个中断源控制系统。（7）1个双向串行I / O口的UART（通用异步接收器/发送器UART），用于实现单片机的串行通信。（8）振荡器和时钟产生电路，需要外部电源的石英晶体微调电路，允许接在12v的振荡频率上。上述部分通过内部数据总线连接。其中，CPU是单片机的核心，它是单片机的控制和
3、指挥中心，ALU算数逻辑运算单元可进行算术运算和逻辑运算，由1个 8暂时存储器，和2个 8位的累加器组成。Acc累加器是ALU运算结果的存放单元，一般数据通过它来传送。此外，Acc往往被视为对8051内的数据传输中转站。和通常的微处理器一样，它是最繁忙的寄存器。有记忆功能并执行命令。该控制器包括程序计数器，可读写的存储器，振荡器和定时电路等。该程序计数器是有两对8或16位计数器，它是一个字节地址计数器，在个人电脑运行程序时，执行下一个单元的内容，程序执行时可以改变它的内容从而改变运行的结果。在8051芯片震荡电路中，需要外接石英晶体和微调电容，其频率范围为1.2MHz12MHz。该脉冲信号，即
4、为8051的工作周期，是最小的时间单位。8051和其他单片机一样，都有相同的控制和功能，就像乐队也有打击乐器一样。在8051中有ROM（程序存储器，只能读取），和RAM（数据存储器，可以读和写），他们有各自独立的内存地址空间，也有相同的处理方式。8051和8751的程序存储器的存储容量为4KB，地址从0000H开始，在使用过程中其中的数据不变。8051、8751、8031数据存储器的内存为128B，默认地址是00FH，用于保存中间数据和缓存。在这128B的内存中，有32 byteses，被称作工作寄存器，和常用的微处理器不同的是，8051的RAM是按功能来划分模块的。MCS - 51系列单片机
5、和一般电脑的处理方式不同。一般电脑会自动分配地址空间，ROM和RAM的计算机可以安排在不同的空间内，地址范围会根据ROM和RAM的位置分配不同地址空间。在访问的内存，不管是ROM和RAM，只有一个地址对应一个内存单元，都要按这个顺序访问。这种内存结构是所谓的普林斯顿结构。 8051的存储器按物理结构划分可分为程序存储器空间和数据存储空间，共有四个内存空间，按结构位置的不同分为内部程序存储空间、外部程序存储空间、内部数据存储空间和外部数据存储空间。但从用户的使用角度看，8051存储器地址空间被分成三类：（1）片内，安排FFFFH的块，片外的（使用16个地址）串口0000H地址。（2）外部数据存储
6、器地址空间为64KB，地址是从0000H到 FFFFH（含16个地址）的位置排列也。（3）256B的数据存储器（使用8个地址）的地址空间。上述三个重叠的内存空间地址，用8051指令系统的传输不同的数据和使用的功能区分。CPU的访问内存时，访问ROM使用MOVC语句，访问RAM块顺序使用片外操作的MOVX语句，访问内存片段使用MOV语句。8051单片机有4个8并行的I / O端口，分别为P0，P1，P2和P3。每个端口是8位精确的双向口，共占了32针。每一个I / O线可作为独立的入口和出口。每个端口包括一个锁存器（即特殊功能寄存器），一个出口驱动器和引进缓冲器。使数据能够锁存输出，数据可以及时
7、缓冲，其余四个具有相同的功能。接外部存储扩大它们的内存时，这四个口就可作为双向口常用的I / O口，这是，P2口看到高8位地址，P0口是一个公共两用口，传送输出低8的地址和数据。P3口的输出级别小于P1，可以在里面绘制负载电阻，每一个都能驱动4个LS型TTL负载输出。作为输入口时，所有TTL或NMOS电路都可以驱动一个正常的方式8051 - P3口作为单片机的P1口。可以利用改变电阻的输出大小，直接地充当震荡开路，不需要添加外部电阻。其中每个口都是标准的双向口。当在当做输入口时，必须把相应的端口置1来锁闭输出。比如8051单片机，所有端口提供的输出电流只能几毫安，用作输出口时接一个普通的晶体管
8、，要稳定使用，还要接一定电阻。其主要功能是把初始地址设为0000H，使单片机从0000H的地址开始运行程序。除了正常进入系统的初始化，由于操作失误或操作过程错误，也要能够解决错误，重新运行。在8051中RST引脚是一个输入复位键，复位键高电平信号有效，要保证24倍以上的时钟周期（即2个机器周期）。如果收到高频的6v输入信号，单片机就会复位。初始化时，需要两部分外部电路。外部电路采用施密特触发方式触发了复位键（RST），形成了复位信号输出电路，并把信号传送到每个引脚，按顺序到了复位引脚，就会迅速响应信号指令。复位功能的可靠性，适合6v电压的电容震荡电路，复位信号的周期可以大于两个机器周期。虽然复
9、位电路的结构很简单，但它的功能是非常重要的。一个单片机系统能否正常运行，应先检查它有没有正确的复位电路。检查和检测其发出信号，用示波器显示时，结合复位电路很重要，观察波形时，输出口（瞬时）的波动范围是很大的，也可以通过复位电路对实验进行有必要的改变。2.外文原文：Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which
10、Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their ba
11、sic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositti
12、ng not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, suc
13、h as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too,
14、and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip comp
15、uter and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among the
16、m, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device
17、 temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8s accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operat
18、ion to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in
19、the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA t
20、hat will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse s
21、ignal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded. There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051
22、 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and fo
23、rm constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general mi
24、croprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arra
25、nge in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. T
26、his kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure mem
27、ory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location
28、 , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses over
29、lap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice. 8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/
30、O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make
31、data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having
32、slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As whi
33、le inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing
34、outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to r
35、egard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , ma
36、ke the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there arent mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and re
37、stored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilizati
38、on brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal:Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely.
39、 Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST ) hand over to Schmitts trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary
40、signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its func
41、tion is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop ones head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observe
42、s and has enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.With the costant growing consumption of fossil energy, global energy crisis and environmental problems have become more and more acute. Among
43、 various green renewable energy resources, solar energy has drawn the attention from the scientific circles of various countries due to its unique advantages such as bountless storage content, cleaness and safety, and easiness to obtain. In particular, the application of solar photovoltaic technolog
44、y has become a universal focus. China has relatively scarce fossil energy resources while a huge energy consumption. Therefore, the research and application of solar photovoltaic technology has important strategic meaning for the future economic development of China. A basic solar photovoltaic syste
45、m is generally composed of solar panels, storage batteries, DC (direct current) control system and inverters, among which, DC control system is the central part of the solar photovoltaic system. 随着化石能源消耗的不断增长，世界性的能源危机和环境问题已经日益突出。在绿色可再生能源中，太阳能凭借其存储量无限、清洁安全以及易于获取等独特优点而受到了世界各国科研领域的普遍关注，太阳能光伏发电技术的应用更是普遍
46、关注的焦点。我国化石能源相对贫乏而能源消耗量巨大，因此展开对太阳能光伏发电技术的研究和应用上的普及对我国未来的经济发展有着非常重要的战略意义。一套基本的光伏发电系统一般由太阳能电池板、蓄电池、直流控制系统和逆变器组成。其中，直流控制系统是光伏发电系统的核心部分。本课题的主要内容包括太阳能光伏发电系统的发展和应用，太阳能光伏发电系统的分类，太阳能光伏电池和蓄电池的选型，直流控制系统的设计，太阳能电池最大功率点的跟踪设置，逆变器容量的确定及电路设计，三相变压器及交流配电系统的设置。 关键词：太阳能光伏发电；光伏电池；直流控制系统；交流配电系统The major content of this su
47、bject includes the development and application of the solar photovoltaic system, the classification of the solar photovoltaic system, solar photovoltaic cells, the design of DC (direct current) control system, settings of maximum power point tracking, circuit design and determination of the capacity
48、 of the inverter, and the settings of three-phase transformer and the AC (alternating current) distribution system.Key words: solar photovoltaic power, photovoltaic cells, DC (direct current) control system, AC (alternating current) distribution systemProspects: 根据我国路灯照明现状，小城市在晚上9点后，大中城市在凌晨2点以后，道路上行
49、人、车辆已逐渐稀少。 According to the status quo of Chinas street lighting, small cities in the 21 oclock, the large and medium cities in 2:00 later, the road to pedestrians, vehicles have been gradually scarce. 从这一时段直至清晨6点，在如此低交通流量的道路上仍然保持较高照度显然没有必要。 From this time until 6 am, at such a low traffic road is still clear that there is no need to maintain a high illumination. 据了解，城市公共照明在我国照明耗电中占30的比例，约439亿kWh，以平均电价065元kWh计算，一年开支285亿元。 It is understood that the city public lighting lighting