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1、原文U.S.A. electric market modeIt make adequate preparation. Though allow to must offer the thorough fare in users For realize U.S.A. electric markefree choice supplying power trader and Utilities Electric Co. through the electric policies and regulations (Energy Act) in 1992, but only two pieces of e
2、lectric wire netting have just realized the operation of the electric market in U.S. A. up to spring of 1998, namely the blue electricity (ISO2New England) and California electric wire netting (CAISO) of new Great Britain. I have the honor to visit these two family ISOs in May of 1998. Two house the
3、se operation of ISO way very similar, they draw Europe and other national electric experience of market obviously, simpler and more flexible. According to have now materials are following to take CAISO as an example to introduce its characteristic mainly .(1) Overview CAISO was put into operation at
4、 the beginning of April of 1998, it is U.S.A.s second ISO (the first was new Great Britain blue ISO, put 1998 into too). CAISO controls the electric consumption with state 80, present members have: Pacific Ocean coal gas Utilities Electric Co. (PG&E), Southern California Edison Company (SCE), Santia
5、go coal gas Utilities Electric Co. (SDGE). There are two municipalization Utilities Electric Co.s -Los Angeles hydroelectric board (LDWP) and the power office of Sacramento (SMUD) will join after 5 years . CAISO added the state law and set up according to 1996. This law stipulates , electric users c
6、an choose the electric supplier freely , is not limited by geography . CAISO is an independent organization, does not belong to any Utilities Electric Co. . It is responsible for transmitting electricity systematic planning , control the safe operation of sum. The task of CAISO is to offer the low-p
7、riced electricity to users and allow users free choice power supplier, and offer the safe and reliable service. CAISO does not have any main equipment , transmit electricity line, transformer substation belong to former company still (whether for example 500 kV pay direct current Pacific Ocean tie l
8、ine by several Utilities Electric Co. that joint-venture build), still safeguard under the care of former Utilities Electric Co. CAISO has 300 staff members in all, the main website is set up in Folsom ( in north California), stand and is set up reservly in Alhambra (near Los Angeles), nearly there
9、are 40 people at present. Two stations have self-same equipment and function. The total installed capacity of electric wire netting of California is 40 000 kWs, total load about 20 000 kW-30 000 kWs, it is 2- 1 that the peak valley is bad, load is the greatest in summer. Since determining to set up
10、the electric market, three companies have already sold the power plant of 50 60, independent power plant(IPP) that became the competition and surfed the Net . The power plant left will sell successively too.1) The management of the electric market and operation CAISO are a company not taking profit
11、as purpose , it does not buy and sell the electricity by itself. The general operation way is as follows: &-#8226;Every user (distribution Company mainly) and every independent power plant prerequisite sell cable / purchase the electric tender in one day. ISO according to every user / independent te
12、nder and load of estimating of power plant, 10:00 arrange next day plan for one day in every morning. ISO issues the suggestion that the sun plans at 11:00 a.m. ( calculate according to the direct current trend at present, in case of block the bottleneck ( conges2tion), the procedure adjusts the exe
13、rting oneself of every power plant by ing block calculating , make it dispel and block . Going by optimizing the law of trend and calculate next).Every power plant(or distribution company) plans to put forward the suggestion to the day after adjusting at 12:00 at noon, both sides go on consult(wheth
14、er ISO come and dispel and block through economic means mainly). Tomorrows final power generating plan of the decision of 1: 00 p.m. (3) Regulation capacity management The management of adjusting the capacity estimates that load and actual load will not be totally unanimous, so require that every po
15、wer plant is while the ones that proposed after one day exerted oneself and is offered, offer, make the quotation which adjust the capacity. It is said and regulate quotation of capacity generally than plan quotation high 20%-30% of capacity. Among them, reserve(spinning reserve) capacity that can b
16、e offered to 10 mins; It is the capacity that can be offered within 10 mins too to be reserve(standby reserve); It is the capacity that can be offered in 60 mins to take the place of for future spending (replacement reserve). Including adjust the speed limit (ramp rate) and participate in AGC,etc. w
17、hile offering yet.(4) Real-time electric market (market, energy of real2time,) With plan load load when tallying, need and adjust when real. Increasing the order of exerting oneself must notify the relevant power plants an hour ago . The expenses increased should be greater than the marginal cost (m
18、arginal cost) . When reduce and exert oneself, the power plant should pay to ISO . ISO exert oneself and line up every adjustment of generator according to size, one to exert oneself again formation, one reduces the formation of exerting oneself. Need and adjust when exerting oneself selecting and a
19、djust aircrew according to high or low prices order that is offer totally. Finally when settling account, reality that examine exert oneself or total mark of load calculate electric consumption according to EMS amount mainly, and then check with the kilowatt-hour meter , calculate the electric rate
20、in view of the above. (5) transmit electricity and serve It is similar to electric market of Norway to transmit electricity and serve, CAISO divides California into several districts, do not charge and exceed a network of fee transmitting power in this district; If transmit power transregionally and
21、 collect and exceeds a network of fee ; Transmit electricity expenses include equipment investment, management and maintenance cost even. (6)Typical electric rate form according to with Public Service Commission of the state regulation, electric market require the electric rate to reduce 10 automati
22、cally behind being open, namely drop to 12 cents for every kWh electricity from 1314 cents for every kWh electricity before opening. These electrics rate of 12 cents are formed by several following parts these 4 this: Transition cost is 4.7 cents Social public good expenses are 0.5 cents Transmissio
23、n of electricity expenses are 0.5 cents &-#8226;Distribution expenses are 3.4 cents Generate electricity expenses 2.9 transition cost And used for and repay debt of some power plant (if nuclear the beginning in power plant investment high and must be repaid on schedule). The transition cost should b
24、e paid off within 4 years. Because state government can grant a loan of low interest , the debt of the nuclear power can be discharged quickly. Because of the competition, the price of electricity of bid at late night is very low, even 0. Because a lot of power plant unwilling to shut down, turn on
25、and shut down with high costs , might as well offer 0 . ISO controller attempt and sell for cable to the adjoint system at first, if nobody takes, has to order some aircrews to shut down . electric market hard, software structure Two of CAISO equipment of station self-same, it as Fig. 1 shows Connec
26、ts the relation with every Utilities Electric Co. There is one pair of passways in each Utilities Electric Co., connects with to the main website directly and stand reservly . If the main website damages or withdraws and runs , stand reservly and can take over all functions of main website immediate
27、ly . The communication passway is INTER2NET network rented, the transfer rate is 66 MB/ ses. The computer hardware is a DECAlpha24 100 work station, with DEC UNIX operating system ( new Great Britain blue ISO uses IBM S26 000 work stations). Join ISO picture 1 five years later Hardware allocation pl
28、an of CAISO(1) Software Every Utilities Electric Co. of the software and independent power plant quote for PX through the network (Fig. 2), SI changes the quotation sheet received into the form of unifying , deposit the data base , send SA and arrange the plan on day again. There is software in SA:
29、Trend procedure (offer by PTI Company); &-#8226;Block the procedure (develop cooperatively by CAISO and advisory company); PEEP procedure(whether one hour revise and generate electricity the plan spend). The empty frame part is the part that has not totally been invested yet in Fig. 2. EMS part that
30、 Company offer by ABB2SC, already invested SCADA and AGC function now, conbine market part and EMS together closely the next stage. The function of SI is the same as the first stage, carries on the trend to calculate in SA, if block , it come and dispel and block restraint dispatcher procedure when
31、it transfer EMS,whose name is then through PX power plant /user issue. Settlement when it is real-time electric rate from EMS/ SCADA according to total mark of exerting oneself that survey,electric consumption and the user that calculate /check each other power plant kilowatt-hour meter of the side,
32、 settle account with this. PX receive and offer through INTERNET PX ACC check out EMS SA write sun plan, change and unify the form picture 2 Software block diagram of ISOElectric market equipment and EMS system that ISO2New England adopts are separate, but pass the connection of the network.analysis
33、 on electric market mode in foreign countries (1) The foreign purpose to develop electric market, only introduce competition mechanism, lower costs , boost productivity . Under the socialist market economy system of our country, can make use of this kind of mechanism to improve the management level
34、of the power industry of our country , raise the efficiency. But electric various mode of market, every country combine ones own concrete conditions but different to some extent. For example the electric market of Britain is following the privatization and begins, it is unnecessary in our country, c
35、an adopt mode of separate the foctory and network , generate electricity by electric wire netting Company Company manage separately, property right try not become or become little (whether who investment property right who does it belong to still originally). This way relatively accords with the nat
36、ional conditions of our country. (2)Before realizing the electric market, generally all the parliament passed relevant proposals or decrees abroad, promote every Utilities Electric Co. and power plant to participate in competing. Our country needs to be made relevant decrees as soon as possible by t
37、he government too, guide the work of launching the electric market. In addition foreign some country set up special supervisory organ , supervise electric execution of market. Our country may need corresponding organization too .(3)Realize that the prerequisite on the electric market is that there s
38、hould be rich electricity . Can not realize without enough reserve capacity that the electric market runs so the power system is planned very important. (4)When realize the electric market and run, must guarantee that it is safe to run . (5)It is fair competition to realize a key principle of the el
39、ectric market. But some power plant (such as the nuclear power plant) because investment is big very much at the beginning, pay ones debt within certain time limit , it is difficult to surf the Net at a competitive price . This kind of situation is like experience that can use CAISO for reference ,
40、add a transition cost in the electric rate, still lose debts rapidly within a few years, can be granted a loan of low interest by the local government in case of necessity, make these power plants able to participate in the fair competition too. (6)In order to guarantee the electric market just, fai
41、r, open competition, need to make some rules of competition. But it is made very perfectly once that these rules are impossible, there will often be some loophole, this may be useful to some members who participate in competition, and disadvantageous to another part (for example some power plants ma
42、y offer surfing the Net very low , and then lifts adjusting the capacity price very high after obtaining the right of surfing the Net. Have already mentioned above , some power plants would rather offer 0 than shut down etc. after midnight). According to external experience, these rules need revisin
43、g and perfect constantly.(7)The technology of realizing the electric market is uncomplicated . No matter the disposition, software system and design and development of the passway of the hardware, depending on domestic technical force can be solved. Though there are many complicateds algorithm about
44、 the electric market on documents, the actual operation of the electric market is simplified more and more . For example CAISO and regulate ISO2NE capacity offer and surf the Net too, save and calculate and transmit electricity auxiliary trouble of service (ancillaryservice). Use domestic technical
45、force come and develop electric market hard, software system have one advantage easy to combine operating position go on and fix at any time, perfect constantly. Realize that the final purpose on the electric market is to reduce users price of electricity. Have a large amount of work that is done to
46、 this end. Except that the power plant should surf the Net at a competitive price, raise the efficiency, distribution systematic potentiality that respect raise the efficiency heavy way to introduce competition mechanism too very either. The price of electricity is controlled by the price department
47、 at present, cant change at will . But when can only allow to float downwards , the masses of users (including industrial user and familys user) could receive material benefit . 美国电力市场模式美国为实现电力市场作了充分准备。尽管1992 年通过了电力政策法规( Energy Act ) ,允许用户自由选择供电商及电力公司必须提供通路,但到1998 年春季为止美国只有两个电网刚刚实现电力市场的运营,即新英兰电( ISO
48、2New England) 和加州电网(CAISO) 。笔者有幸在1998 年5 月参观了这两家ISO。这两家ISO 的运营方式非常相似,显然他们都吸取了欧洲和其他国家电力市场的经验,比较简单和灵活。根据现有资料,以下将主要以CAISO 为例来介绍其特点。(1) 概况CAISO 是在1998 年4 月初投入运营的,是美国第二家ISO (第一家是新英兰ISO , 也是在1998年投入的) 。CAISO 控制加州80 %的电量,现在的成员有:太平洋煤气电力公司(PG&E) ,南加州爱迪生公司(SCE) ,圣地亚哥煤气电力公司(SDGE) 。还有两家市营电力公司洛杉矶水电局(LDWP) 和萨克拉门托
49、电力局(SMUD) 将在5 年后加入。CAISO 是根据1996 年加州立法而建立的。该法规定,电力用户可以自由选择电力供应商,不受地理限制。CAISO 是一个独立机构,不属于任一个电力公司。它负责输电系统的规划、控制和安全运行。CAISO 的任务是向用户提供廉价的电力,允许用户自由选择电源供应商, 并提供安全可靠的服务。CAISO 不拥有任何主设备,输电线、变电站仍属于原公司所有(例如500 kV 交直流太平洋联络线是由几家电力公司合资兴建的) ,仍由原电力公司负责维护。CAISO 共有工作人员300 人,主站设在Folsom(在北加州) ,备用站设在Alhambra (洛杉矶附近) ,目前约有40 人。两站具有完全相同的设备和功能。加州电网总装机容量为40 000 kW ,总负荷约20 000 kW30 000 kW ,峰谷差为2 比1 ,夏季负荷最大。自从决定建立电力市场以来,三家公司已经出售了50 %60 %的发电厂,成为竞争上网