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1、一、外文原文Current status and future development of global tea production and tea productsAlastair HicksFAO Regional Office for Asia and the PacificTea is globally one of the most popular and lowest cost beverages, next only to water. Tea is consumed by a wide range of age groups in all levels of society
2、. More than three billion cups of tea are consumed daily worldwide. Tea is considered to be a part of the huge beverage market, not to be seen in isolation just as a commodity. Tea active ingredients are of interest to functional foods markets. Africa, South America, the Near East and especially the
3、 Asian region produces a varied range of teas, this, together with a reputation in the international markets for high quality, has resulted in Asia enjoying a share of every importing market in the world. Huge populations in Asia, Middle East, Africa, UK, EU, and countries of the CIS consume tea reg
4、ularly and throughout the day. The main tea producing countries globally are: in Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe and others. In South America: Argentina, Brazil and others; In Near East: Iran and Turkey. In Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Viet
5、 Nam and others. In addition, the Russian Federation and CIS countries produce quantities of tea. Numerous types of teas are produced in the countries listed above. In China, for example, the country with the largest planting of tea and second in output, green tea is around half of the total export,
6、 black tea around one third and other teas one fifth. Depending on the manufacturing technique it may be described as green, black, oolong, white, yellow and even compressed tea. The Intergovernmental Group on Tea monitors market conditions and provides an update of potential market prospects for te
7、a over the medium term. which examines the current situation and medium term prospects for production, consumption and trade of tea, and its impact on the world tea market.In summary, tea is considered as having a share of the global beverage market, a highly competitive field. A wide range of tea p
8、roducts continue to be developed, through product and process development for added-value, as market shares become more sophisticated and competitive. The tea industry must rise to these challenges, facing the future with confidence.IntroductionThe Asian region produces a varied range of teas and th
9、is, together with a reputation in the international markets for high quality, has resulted in Asia enjoying a share of every importing market in the world. Africa, South America and the Near East also produce quantities of tea. Huge populations of Asia, UK, EU, Middle East, Africa and countries of t
10、he CIS consume tea regularly and throughout the day .The common tea plant is the evergreen shrub, Camellia sinensis. There are several varieties of this species of plant, a well known one being the Indian Assam tea (C. sinensis var. assamica Kitamura). Traditionally, tea is prepared from its dried y
11、oung leaves and leaf buds, made into a beverage by steeping the leaves in boiling water. China is credited with introducing tea to the world, though the evergreen tea plant is in fact native to Southern China, North India, Myanmar and Cambodia .Although there are a growing number of countries that p
12、roduce teas in a multiplicity of blends, there are essentially three main types of Camellia tea, which are Green, Oolong and Black. The difference lies in the fermentation, which actually refers to oxidative and enzymatic changes within the tea leaves, during processing. Green tea is essentially unf
13、ermented, Oolong tea is partially fermented and Black tea is fully fermented. Black tea, which represents the majority of international trade, yields an amber coloured, full-flavour liquid without bitterness .For example, both Orange Pekoe and Pekoe are black teas. refers to the silver-tipped Assam
14、teas. Orange Pekoe is made from the very young top leaves and traditionally comes from India or Sri Lanka. Pekoe tea comes from India, Indonesia or Sri Lanka and is made from leaves even smaller than those characteristically used for Orange Pekoe.In addition to these conventional teas, many countrie
15、s of Asia have a number of herbal teas, made from brewing plant leaves, or other plant parts including flowers. For example, Gymnema sylvestre, a member of the botanical family Asclepiadaceae, found mainly in India, has been used as a healthy and nutritive herbal tea which claims to have a number of
16、 medicinal properties. Numerous other herbal teas are gaining more popularity recently .Current SituationThe global tea production growth rate in 2006 was more than 3% to reach an estimated 3.6 million t. The expansion was mainly due to record crops in China, Viet Nam and India. Production in China
17、increased 9.5% over the record in 2005, to 1.05 million t. in 2006, through Government policies to increase rural household incomes. Expansion of 28 percent in Viet Nam gave an output of 133,000t as tea bushes reached optimum yields. India had a 3% increase in harvest output of 945,000t for the year
18、. This growth offset other major countries, Kenya and Sri Lanka, where output declined by 6 and 1.6%, respectively.ExportsExports in 2006 reached 1.55 million t. compared to 1.53 million t. in 2005 (Table 2).Increased shipments from Sri Lanka, India and Viet Nam offset major declines in Kenya and In
19、donesia, down by 12.4 and 7%. Tea exports from Sri Lanka reached 314,900 in 2006, a gain of 5.4%, while exports from Viet Nam and India expanded by 24 and 14%. The increase was due to expansion in trade to the Near East, with their growth and strength of the economies in the region. Significant grow
20、th was also achieved by Rwanda, and Tanzania, while shipments from China were relatively unchanged. Decline in exports from Kenya were affected by political uncertainty in Pakistan, its major market. Pakistans uncertainty also affected shipments from Indonesia and Bangladesh where exports declined,
21、and structural problems plague the industry (FAO 2008).ImportsWorld net imports of tea declined by 1.7% to 1.57 million t. in 2006 (Table 3), reflecting reduced tea imports by Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the Netherlands. Increased imports by traditional markets such as the United Kingdom,
22、United States, Egypt and Germany, did not offset these declines. Imports by Pakistan declined by 3%, Russian Federation by 2%, and Netherlands by 25%, imports increasing by 7% in United Kingdom, United States, and Egypt. In Germany a 9 percent increase was recorded.ConsumptionWorld tea consumption g
23、rew by 1% in 2006, reaching 3.64 million t., but less than the annual average of 2.7% over the previous decade (Table 4). The biggest influence has been the growth in agricultural products consumption, tea included, in China and India, as their economies expanded dramatically. In 2006, China recorde
24、d a spectacular annual increase of 13.6% in total consumption, which reached 776,900 t., whilst annual growth in tea consumption in India was less, it was higher than the previous decade. Income gains in India, China, other developing countries, translate to more demand, for higher value-added items
25、.Tea Added Value Product and Process DevelopmentTraditional loose tea has been largely replaced by bagged tea in many forms, for convenience. There are a range of preferences for tea styles and drinking habits among different consumers in various countries . Green and black tea will remain as major
26、forms of tea, however, instant tea, flavored tea, decaffeinated tea, organically grown tea,foamy tea, roasted tea, herbal tea, ready-to-drink tea (canned and bottled) are developing into the market. Food products being developed are tea-rice, tea-noodles, tea-cake, tea-biscuits, tea-wine, tea-candy,
27、 tea-ice cream. In particular new types of herbal, fruit-flavor and decaffeinated teas, as well as ready-to-drink teas are becoming popular. The organically grown and healthful image of tea can be exploited, as can the utilization of active-ingredients of tea as their functional properties and natur
28、e become better known.Ready-to-drink tea is cheaper than coca-cola derivatives and this is perceived as a main competitor. There is a risk that tea consumption may drop as other drinks come on the market, from e.g. rice, potatoes, mulberry leaves. Diversified products such as tea chewing gum have be
29、en developed (Hicks 2001).Some ConclusionsThe review of the world tea market indicates some improvement in the fundamental oversupply situation in the world market which has persisted in recent years. However, in the medium term, projections suggest that although supply will continue to outstrip dem
30、and, the gap could be closer to equilibrium, if consumption improves in traditional markets. Strategies must be devised to continue the improvement in demand. Opportunities for an expansion in consumption and improvement in prices exist in producing countries themselves, as per capita consumption le
31、vels are relatively low. E.g. per capita consumption level in the major importing countries, such as the Russian Federation is 1.26 kg and for the UK, is 2.20kg, whilst per capita consumption levels in India is 0.65 kg and for Kenya is 0.40 kg.The results of research into the health benefits of tea
32、consumption should also be used more extensively in promoting consumption in both producing and importing countries. In addition, strategies to exploit demand in value-added market segments, including specialty and organic teas, should also be more aggressively pursued. In targeting potential growth
33、 markets, recognition of and compliance with food safety and quality standards is essential. Even the impact of imposing a minimum quality standard as a means of improving the quality of tea traded internationally, would by default, reduce the quantity of tea in the world market and improve prices,
34、at least in the short to medium term (FAO 2008).In summary, tea can be considered as having a share of the soft drink/beverages market, as well as having functional food potential. A wide range of tea products will continue to be developed through product and process development for added-value as t
35、he market shares become more sophisticated and competitive. The industry must rise to these challenges and face the future with confidence (Hicks 2001).Article ID: 二、译文世界茶叶产业现状和未来发展茶是全球最受欢迎和最低成本的饮料之一,仅次于纯净水。茶叶已经被社会各年龄各个阶层的消费者接受。全球每天消费超过三十亿杯茶。茶叶是饮料市场的一部分,而不是被孤立的看做是一个商品。在食品市场，茶叶主要着重于功能的方面。非洲、南美洲、近东,尤其
36、是亚洲地区的生产不同的茶叶品种,再加上享誉国际市场的高品质，使亚洲成为茶叶的主要出口市场。亚洲、中东、非洲、英国、欧盟、独联体国家的大部分人口都有每天饮茶的习惯。全球的主要茶叶生产国主要有：非洲的布隆迪、肯尼亚、马拉维、卢旺达、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、津巴布韦等；南美的阿根廷、巴西等；中东的伊朗和土耳其；亚洲的孟加拉、中国、印度、印尼、斯里兰卡、越南等；此外俄罗斯和独联体国家也生产许多茶叶。世界茶叶大多数生产于上述国家。例如，中国是世界茶叶种植面积最大，出口第二的国家，其中绿茶出口占二分之一，红茶占三分之一，其余茶叶占五分之一。根据制作工艺的不同，茶叶可以分为绿茶，红茶乌龙茶，白茶，黄茶甚至压缩茶。
37、政府茶叶小组监控市场条件，并提供了一个更新的茶叶市场潜力的中期前景，探讨当前的形势和中期前景，生产，消费和茶叶贸易，以及其对世界茶叶市场的影响。总之，茶叶是全球饮料市场一个竞争激烈的领域。由于市场份额变得更加复杂和竞争加剧，茶叶产业的继续发展需要通过增值产品和工艺的发展，茶叶产业必须迎接这些挑战，要对未来充满信心。引言:亚洲地区茶品众多,因其高品质享誉世界,是亚洲成为世界茶叶市场的主要产区,主要茶叶产区还包括非洲、南美洲和近东地区。人口众多的亚洲、英国、欧盟、中东和独联体国家是世界主要茶叶消费国、当地人们当地人们都有每日饮茶的习惯。茶树属于长绿色灌木植物，茶叶品种众多，一个众所周知的茶叶品种就
38、是印度的阿萨姆红茶。传统上茶是由茶树嫩芽、枝叶由沸水冲泡而成，茶树主要生长与中国的南方，印度的北部，缅甸和柬埔寨，是由中国推广到全世界。茶叶大体上主要分为三类：绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶。他们之间的差别在于生产过程是否经过发酵，这实际上是指茶叶在氧化和酶的变化。在加工过程中，绿茶不经过发酵，乌龙茶属于半发酵茶、红茶属于全发酵茶。红茶代表了世界主要茶叶贸易及产量，是一种具有琥珀色，味道浓烈无苦味的透明液体。例如：橙黄白毫和白毫红茶都属于红茶，是阿萨姆红茶的起源，它是由茶叶顶部嫩叶片制成，通常产自印度，印度尼西亚，和肯尼亚，由较小茶叶制成。除了这些传统茶叶品种，亚洲的许多国家都盛产一些花草茶，由植物的叶子
39、或者包括花在内的其他部分。例如：匙羹藤，属萝藦科植物，主要分布在印度，因其具有一定的医药保健作用被用于制作健康和营养的凉茶。进来越来越多的花草茶的引进正受到广大人民的欢迎。一、世界茶叶产业现状现状2006年全球茶叶产量达到360万吨，同比增长3%以上，这种增长主要由产茶大国为中国、越南和印度的增长所带动。2006年中国政府的一些列政策,大力增加农村家庭收入,茶叶产量达105万吨，比2005年增长9.5%；越南茶叶产量为13.3万吨，产量增长28%，茶树产量达到最佳效果；2006年印度茶叶产量94.5万吨，比去年增长3%；这一增长抵消了其他国家的减产，肯尼亚和斯里兰卡2006年产量分别下降6%和
40、1.6%。（一）出口2006年茶叶出口额达到155万吨，比2005年的153万吨略有增长。斯里兰卡、印度、越南增加产品出口批次来抵消肯尼亚和印度尼西亚12.4%和7%出口的取消。2006年斯里兰卡茶叶出口3.49万吨，出口增长5.4%，而越南和印度的出口增长达到24%和14%，这种增长取决于他们扩大近东贸易、增加产量和区域经济优势。卢旺达和坦桑尼亚的茶叶出口也取得了明显的增长，中国的茶叶出口量相对不变。巴基斯坦是肯尼亚茶叶出口的主要市场，由于巴基斯坦政治的不稳定，使得肯尼亚茶叶出口下降，巴基斯坦政治的不稳定性也使得印度尼西亚和孟加拉国的出口下降，结构性问题困扰着茶叶茶叶。（二）进口2006年，
41、世界净进口157万吨，同比下降了1.7%，巴基斯坦、俄罗斯、荷兰进口力下降，像英国、美国、埃及、德国这类传统市场进口的增加并不能抵消这些下降。巴基斯坦进口下降2%、荷兰进口下降25%，英国、美国和埃及茶叶进口增长了7%，而德国进口增长9%。（三）消费2006年，世界茶叶消费364万吨，同比增长1%，但是低于十年前历史同期的2.7%， 中国和印度经济激增，茶叶消费影响着农产品消费增长。2006年，中国茶叶消费达到77.69万吨，增长13.6%，而在印度茶叶消费年增长率坚守，这一数据高于十年前。印度、中国和其他发展中国家人民收入的增加，使人们消费增加，更加倾向于高附加值产品。二、茶叶的产品增值和工
42、业开发为方便起见,传统的散装茶叶已经被袋装茶所取代，不同国家的消费者都有其消费者偏好和饮用习惯，各国通过产品和工艺发展来增加产品附加值。茶叶味大米，茶叶面条、蛋糕、酒、糖、冰淇淋这类食品也正在被开发。草本茶、果茶、不含咖啡因茶以及及饮茶越来越受到欢迎，可以对有机茶种植和它的健康形象进行开发，可以利用茶叶的有效成分，功能性质有更好的了解茶叶，即饮茶便宜的多，其衍生品是可口可乐的竞争对手，如果其它饮料进入茶叶市场将会带来风险。三、一些结论：经过对世界茶叶市场的审查显示茶叶市场供过于求的状况有所改善，然而从中期预测来看，虽然供应量将继续超过需求，但如果在传统市场消费提高，差距将接近平衡，必须制定战略
43、，继续改善需求。扩大消费提高产品价格的机会掌握在生产国自己手里，主要进口国人均消费水平相对较低，如俄罗斯联邦，人均消费水平为1.26公斤、英国2.20公斤的，印度人均消费水平为0.65公斤，肯尼亚为0.40公斤。茶叶消费对健康的益处的成果研究应广泛应用于促进茶叶进口与出口方面。此外，对于特种茶、有机茶在细分市场的茶品开发应积极努力实施。在开发市场潜能时，承认和遵守食品安全和质量标准是必不可少。甚至对最低标准的强制实施，世界市场茶叶数量，调高茶叶价格，提高国际茶叶出口品质。总之，茶叶是以其食品保健功能成为饮料市场的重要组成部分，茶叶产品将继续通过增加工产品附加值和工艺开发来增加市场份额，茶叶产业
44、变得更加复杂，更具竞争性。茶叶产业必须面对这些困难，对未来的充满信心。五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了
45、； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。四大工具： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下
46、面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的
47、有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 4、有道在线翻译：翻译时的速度：这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不
48、是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本英汉科学技术词典，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下： 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，