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1、外文原文Intelligent buildings design and building management systemsOverview of intelligent buildings and intelligent homes technologiesThe field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Management Systems (BMS) encompasses an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial,
2、 institutional and domestic buildings, including energy management systems and building controls. The function of Building Management Systems is central to Intelligent Buildings concepts; its purpose is to control, monitor and optimise building services, eg., lighting; heating; security, CCTV and al
3、arm systems; access control; audio-visual and entertainment systems; ventilation, filtration and climate control, etc.; even time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and availability). The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast, and our lives ar
4、e changing from the effects of Intelligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments. The impact on facilities planning and facilities management is also potentially immense. Any facilities managers considering premises development or site relocation should also consider the oppo
5、rtunities presented by Intelligent Buildings technologies and concepts. This free summary article is contributed by Gary Mills, a leading UK-based expert in the field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, and Building Management Systems. The origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Manag
6、ement Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970s, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise plant performances. The concepts and applications were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980s, enabling transferability of the technol
7、ogy and systems to the residential and commercial sectors.Intelligent buildings - control theory The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide s
8、ervices and manages the environment of the building concerned.Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) formed the original basis of the control technologies. Later developments, in commercial and residential applications, were based on distributed-intelligence microprocessors. The use of these technolo
9、gies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings. There are numerous methods by which building services within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types: 1 Time based - providing heating o
10、r lighting services, etc., only when required, and 2 Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting. Heating - time-based controlTime-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating syste
11、m (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the building reaches the desired temperature when occupancy starts.Heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control examples Temperature con
12、trol: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temperature reaches a set level (0C). Compensated systems: will control flow temperature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in t
13、he circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops. Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted. Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically
14、to regulate output. Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIRs (passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control. Lighting control methods Different control systems exist, again time-based control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of l
15、ighting is required. （1） Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light. （2） Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use. （3） Passi
16、ve Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly. （4） Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain
17、a light level measured by a photocell. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savingsUntil recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building owners and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of e
18、nergy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fast becoming part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant inroads into the domestic residential housebuilding sectors.For lighting
19、, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors. Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energ
20、y consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors. Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy
21、usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries - GOPA) Building management systems and intelligent buildings - environmental and greenhouse gas benefits Greenhouse gas emission reductions depe
22、nd on and correlate to reductions in energy use. Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors.In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Build
23、ing Management Systems are good for the environment.Legislation and environmental standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Sys
24、tems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies. Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficien
25、t systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - market trendsCareful interpretation is required. In the UK,
26、 adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment, all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appr
27、aisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994): Heating controls 70%. Hot water system controls 90%. Air conditioning controls 80%. However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or ineffective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of contro
28、l systems.Moreover conventional control systems stop short of automated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified and installed.Given typical installations and equipment there is often
29、a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (commercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical
30、 to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realised. Building management systems and intelligent buildings - practical benefits Energy-effective systems balance a buildings electric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit. Enhan
31、ced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the buildings mechanical systems.Lighting systemsAdding daylight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design. Nat
32、ural daylight harvesting can make people happier, healthier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nearly every commercial building is a potential energy saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to
33、be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75% of lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a buildings air conditioning load. Mechanical systems The HVAC system and controls, inclu
34、ding the distribution system of air into the workspaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that affect thermal comfort. These systems must work together to provide building comfort. While not usually a part of the aesthetics of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfa
35、ction. The number one office complaint is that the workplace is too hot. Number two is that its too cold. Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting thermostat wars with their co-workers, or simply leaving the office. Occupants can be driven to distrac
36、tion trying to adjust the comfort in their space. Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health. When we are thermally comfortable we work better, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better. In ord
37、er to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment the building mechanical system must: Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and safe guard against odours and indoor air pollutants. Create a sense of habitability through air movement, ventilation and slight temperature var
38、iation. Allow the occupant to control and modify conditions to suit individual preferences.中文翻译智能建筑和建筑管理系统摘要：伴随着社会的急速发展，民用高层建筑也日益趋于智能化。本文主要介绍智能建筑的设计和智能家居的应用，照明系统的节能和控制方法，以及北方建筑的暖气设计应用。关键词：智能建筑、智能家居、照明控制、照明系统、暖气1.1前言智能The field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Management Systems
39、(BMS) encompasses an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic buildings, including energy management systems and building controls.领域的建筑，智能家居，建筑管理系统（房屋管理中心）包含了一个巨大的各种技术，各地商业，工业，体制和住宅楼宇，包括能源管理系统和建设控制The function of Building Management Systems is cent
40、ral to Intelligent Buildings concepts; its purpose is to control, monitor and optimise building services, eg., lighting; heating; security, CCTV and alarm systems; access control; audio-visual and entertainment systems; ventilation, filtration and climate control, etc.; even time & attendance contro
41、l and reporting (notably staff movement and availability).的功能，建设管理系统的核心是智能建筑的概念，其目的是为了控制、监测和优化建设服务，例如，照明;加热;安全，闭路电视及警报系统;存取控制;视听和娱乐系统;通风，过滤和气候控制等;甚至产品的考勤控制和报告（尤其是工作人员的运动和供货）The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast, and our lives are changing from the effects of Inte
42、lligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments.潜在的这些概念和周边技术是巨大的，和我们的生活正在发生变化的影响，从智能建筑的设计与发展对我们的生活和工作环境The impact on facilities planning and facilities management is also potentially immense.的影响，对设施的规划和设施管理，也是潜在的巨大的。 Any facilities managers considering premises development or s
43、ite relocation should also consider the opportunities presented by Intelligent Buildings technologies and concepts.任何设施管理人员考虑楼宇发展或网站的搬迁也应考虑所带来的机会智能建筑技术及概念。 This free summary article is contributed by Gary Mills, a leading UK-based expert in the field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, and
44、Building Management Systems.这项免费的概要文章是由一家总部设在英国的首席专家加里米尔斯提供，他在智能建筑，智能家居，以及大厦管理系统都有非常熟练以及高超的水平。The origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970s, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise pla
45、nt performances.智能建筑物和建筑管理系统在20世纪70年代已经在工业界开始应用，从制度和管制使用的自动化生产过程和管理植物的生长。发达国家智能建筑在80年代The concepts and applications were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980s, enabling transferability of the technology and systems to the residential and commercial sectors.概念和应用软件的发展和标准化，使智能楼宇的技术和
46、系统，可以在以住宅和商业部门之间转让。1.2智能建筑控制理论 智能建筑The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.
47、的本质，建设管理系统和智能建筑是在控制技术，使服务一体化，自动化和优化的所有服务和设备提供服务和管理环境的建设。 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) formed the original basis of the control technologies.可编程逻辑控制器（PLC） ，形成了原来的基础上的控制技术。 Later developments, in commercial and residential applications, were based on distributed-intelligence microprocessors.后
48、来的事态发展，在商业和住宅的申请，是基于分布式智能的微处理器 。 稍后The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings.chaoh这些技术的采用和发展，让各种网站的建设和服务得以优化，往往高产显着并且降低成本和节省大量能源。 There are numerous methods by which building servic
49、es within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types:有很多方法，其中建设服务的建筑物内可以得到控制，下降大致可分为二的方法类型： Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required, and基于时间-提供暖气或照明服务等，只有在需要时；基本Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting.参数的优化-经常使用的名词，代表环境方面的服务，如温度的