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1、山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract-This paper put forward the affecting factors of projects priority
2、. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then
3、a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index TermsGenetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-projects projects priority .1. INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the c
4、hallenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , its critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the di
5、fferent resource demands and to shorten the projects duration time with resources constrained ,as in 1.For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten t
6、he time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference 1 designed an iterative algorithm and proposed a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project
7、scheduling .Based on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in 2 . References 3,4 discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference 5 put forward the frame
8、work of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Based on GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the projects duration time and resources distribution, as in 6. Referenc
9、e 7 solved the engineering projects resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the projects importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of
10、projects priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model. 2. EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATION AND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECTS PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main
11、characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with
12、 lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of projects priority into three categories ,as the projects benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprises
13、 future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1). W=f(I,c,s) (1)Where w refers to projects priority weight; I refers to the benefits of the project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and manageme
14、nt; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3. HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECT ENVIRONMENT3.1 Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate
15、 the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that
16、three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprises operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource
17、 conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to projects priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be sat
18、isfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The pap
19、er also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each projects resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole projects duration time . 3.2 Model Hypotheses The following hypothese
20、s help us to establish a mathematical model:(1) The number of mutually independent projects involved in resource allocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated with Qi ,while i=1,2, N.(2) The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which are respectively w1,w2wn
21、.(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with rk standing for each person ,while k=1,2, ,R(4) ki= (5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. tEi is the expected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources to finish some task after time t ,on the p
22、remise that the human resources demand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I that needs the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the daily cost loss due to the delay is ci for project I .Accordin
23、g to the projects importance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,but will also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while the latent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isnt considered in this article temporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after
24、 time t ,the time-gap between the real and expected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources to finish some task is ti ,( ti =tAi-tEi ). For there exists resources competition, the time gap is necessarily a positive number.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost l
25、oss of project I is Ci (Ci = ti* Ci ). (9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload of activities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicated with following expression of tAi =i / Ri* ,.In the expression , i refers to the workload of projects I during some pe
26、riod ,which is supposed to be fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planning phase ; Ri* refers to the number of the critical human resources being allocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri* = existing. Due to the resource competition the resource demands of projec
27、ts with higher Priorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower priorities may not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of the resource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activities and the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization Model
28、Based on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model in multi-project environment can be established .Here, the optimization model is :Fi=min Zi = min =min (2) =min =min Z2=min=min (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,() (4)Subject to : 0=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions
29、 are respectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to the economic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highest priority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparent economic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to make up t
30、his limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule . 4. SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OB
31、JECTIVE MODEL USING GENETIC ALGORITHM4.1 The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,each objective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference 8 proposed an improved an
32、t colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are and ,where +=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=F1+F2.4.2 The Principle of Genetic Algorithm Genetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .Its a random
33、search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so its an effective method to solve the resource bal
34、ancing problem ,as in 9.The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1) Encoding An integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to the characteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be a code object .The string length equals to the total number of human resourc
35、es allocated.(2) Choosing the fitness function This paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitness function .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of the n-th individual is 1/ 。 (3) Genetic operation Its the core of GA .This process includes three basic operator
36、s: selection operator, crossover operator, and mutation operation.1) Selection operation is to select the good individuals among the group .The probability of a string to be selected as a parent is proportional to its fitness .The higher the strings fitness is, the greater the probability of the str
37、ing to be selected as a parent will be.2) Crossover operatorThe so-called crossover is that the paten chromosomes exchange some genes to yield two offspring strings in some rule .We can use uniform crossover ,that the two chromosomes exchange the genes on the same positions with the same crossover p
38、robability to yield two new individuals.3) Mutation operator Mutation adds to the diversity of a population and thereby increases the likelihood that the algorithm will generate individuals with better fitness values .The mutation operator determines the search ability of GA ,maintain the diversity
39、of a population ,and avoid the prematurity .There are several mutation is quite easy .4) Standard for the terminal of GA Without human control ,the evolution process of the algorithm will never end .The population size affects the final result and the operation speed .If the size is greater ,the div
40、ersity of the population can be added ,and the best result can be obtained easier .However ,the efficiency is reduced .Recently ,in most GA progress , the biggest evolvement algebra is determined by human-beings to control the course the algorithm.5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLEWe use a numerical example to il
41、lustrate the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithm . Assume that there are three projects with the same network ,and the priority weights have been put forward .There is only one critical path in each project . The data we have known are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Data of the Three Projects ProjectPrior
42、ity weight wtECost loss(human yuan/day)Workload (person*day)10.421010010020.3181508030.271280120The steps of Genetic Algorithm to solve the model are as follow:Step1: An integer string is adopted .Encode with 0,1,2 for there are three projects .The length of the chromosome is 16 ,the total number of
43、 human resource to be allocated .Step 2: The initial population size is 50.Step 3: Doing genetic operation .Adopt Roulette Wheel and Elitist tactic to determined selection operator .The offspring can be yielded by uniform cross-over .The mutation operator can be determined by uniform mutation .We as
44、sume that the mutation probability equal to 0.001 .Step 4: Adopt the maximum population size is 100 when terminated.After the computer simulation, we can obtain the Pare-to results with different importance weights of the two objective functions, as shown in Table 2 :Table 2 The Solution Result of t
45、he Model R1*R2*R3*F1(Hundred Yuan)F2(Day)=1,=0655911.22.8=0.7,=0.3754940.81.8=0.4,=0.68441051.81.05=0.1,=0.910331472.80From table 2 we can learn that , when and change ,the result is different .However we can obtain a series of Pareto results.6. CONCLUSION Human resource allocation in multi-project
46、environment is a complicated problem .This paper analyzes the importance of projects priority in resource allocation and establishes a human resource allocation model based on priority and cost of projects .Finally, genetic Algorithm is adopted to solve the model.During the construction process of t
47、he allocation model, we have put forward some hypotheses in order to simplify the problem .However, when the enterprises practically allocate the resources, hey will face more complexity, which is the focus of our future study.中文翻译：在项目优先权和成本的基础上对多项目中人力资源配置的研究林晶晶，周国华 中国西南交通大学经济和管理学院，610031摘要-本文提出项目优先
48、次序的影响因素，为多项目环境配置人力资源引入一个多目标优化模型。这一模型的目标是使得由于项目时间限制的延误损失的成本最低和具有最高优先顺序项目的延迟最小。然后用遗传算法求解该模型。最后，用一个数值例子证明该模型和算法的可行性。 关键字-遗传算法;人力资源配置;多项目、项目的优先权;1 、引言越来越多的企业面临的挑战是多项目管理，这已经成为项目管理研究的焦点。多项目环境中，诸如资金，时间和人力等资源的共享和竞争经常发生。因此合理安排项目的进度，以满足不同资源的需求并缩短项目造成的资源约束。对于许多企业来说，人力资源是最宝贵的资产。所以企业应合理有效分配每个资源，尤其是人力资源，用以缩短时间减少项目的成本和增加效益。一些文献中曾讨论的存在资源约束的多项目环境中