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1、 1.在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（ink slab），就是人们所说的“文房四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不断趋于完善、精美，历代都有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了，但是，在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” a
2、nd “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization. They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection. There is a large variety of these four treasures. Selecting of materials and making process have become incr
3、easingly delicate and perfect. Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playin
4、g an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating ones mind.2.孔子（Confucius）是春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，是古代中国人心目中的圣人。孔子的言论和生平活动记录在由他的弟子或再传弟子编成的论语（The Analects）一书中。论语是中国古代文化的经典著作。在孔子之后几千年的中国历史
5、上，没有哪一位思想家、文学家和政治家不受论语的影响。不研究论语，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。 As a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects. As an enduri
6、ng classic of Chinese culture, The Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years Chinese history after Confucius. No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book.3.大约在两千多年前，中国就出现了蜡染（wax pri
7、nting）。在中国服饰中，蜡染是一种流传时间长、流行范围大、使用领域广的服装工艺。蜡染是在布匹着色的过程中，以蜂蜡（beeswax）作为防止染色的材料。蜂蜡干了之后，会产生一些裂纹，这些裂纹在染色过程中渗透进靛蓝色，于是形成了如冰花式样的美妙纹理。这样自然天成的纹理可以说是蜡染的灵魂所在。 Wax printing appeared in China about 2,000 years ago. Wax printing has long been a widespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion. During th
8、e dyeing process, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed. When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the process of dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice. These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and s
9、oul of wax printing.4.景泰蓝（cloisonn）是驰名中外的传统工艺，它集青铜艺术、瓷器和雕刻诸种工艺制作技巧于一身，是一门地道的北京绝活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人们居家使用的精美物品。这项工艺始创于明代景泰年间，初创时的颜色主要是蓝色，故得名“景泰蓝”。到了成化年间，景泰蓝技术进一步成熟，这个时期的作品沉稳凝重又透明灵动，而且铜胎也极为讲究。 Cloisonn is a traditional art widely known in and outside China. It is a kind of superb local expertise form of B
10、eijing, which combines the skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts. It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments for daily use. The making of cloisonn first appeared during the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used
11、 being blue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on. By the time of the Chenghua reign, the techniques for making cloisonn were further developed, with products of this period looking heavy and dignified yet not lacking in eloquence or vividness. Moreover, its cast was always made
12、 of choice copper.5.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。 Dumplings are one of the Chinese peoples favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legen
13、d, dumplings were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, deli
14、cious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. Theres an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom
15、 of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year. 6. 汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是
16、现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image
17、, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: b
18、ronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “-“ (the
19、horizontal stroke) “” (the vertical stroke), “”( the left-falling stroke), “” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke). 7.中国的青铜器时代（Bronze Age）从夏开始，经历商、西周到春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持续了一千五百多年的时间。大量出土的青铜器物表明，中国创造了灿烂的青铜文明。这些青铜器物不仅有丰富的政治和宗教内涵，而且还具有很高的艺术价值。今藏于中国历史博物馆的大盂鼎（the Gre
20、at Ding for Yu）是中国青铜器时代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）时期的作品，距今大约有三千多年。 The Bronze Age in China lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, to the Spring and Autumn Period. Large numbers of unearthed artifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilizatio
21、n in the country. They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artistic value. A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is now preserved in the Museum of Chinese History. It was cast about 3,000 years ago during the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty.8.19
22、11 年，中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代清朝，废除了中国延续了2000 多年的封建帝制，建立了中国的第一个民主共和国中华民国。民国政府成立以后，要求全国人民都剪掉头上的辫子（queues），选择自己喜欢的发型。至此，在中国延续了280 多年的辫子法令终于被解除。 In 1911, the first bourgeois revolution in Chinese history the Revolution of 1911 broke out. The last dynasty of the Ch
23、inese feudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had a history of more than 2,000 years was abolished. The Republic of China, the first democratic republic in China, was founded in 1912. After its foundation, the government of Republic of China had required the citizen
24、s to cut off their queues and make the haircut they liked. Since then, the wearing-queue order that had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished.9. 端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃
25、粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 The Duanwu Festival, also called the DragonBoat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was aloyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to thestate but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of b
26、eing vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. Forthousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings anddragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where ther
27、e are manyrivers and lakes.10. 京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。 Chinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quint
28、essence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts-song, speech, performance, acr
29、obatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female). 11.北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被认为是中国的一道国菜。这道菜以它薄
30、而脆的酥皮，以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作烤鸭的鸭子在养殖65 天后就被屠宰了，鸭子在烤制前要先用调料腌制（season），然后才送进焖炉或者挂炉。鸭肉通常配上葱（scallion）、黄瓜和甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。 Peking duck is a famous duck dish that has been popular since the imperial era in Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China. The dish is prized for the thin, crisp s
31、kin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced in front of the diners by the cook. Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven. The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweet bean sauce.12.在中
32、国，喝茶是一种仪式(ritual)，一种精致品味(refined taste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着(take delight in)品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或就政治话题进行激烈的(furious)争论。 Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea，peo
33、ple also take delight in the essence Of tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way Of pastime among ChineseIn the past，they would start the day with a visit to a wellknown teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not jus
34、t for tea，but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates .13. 中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。 Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopst
35、icks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping,
36、poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife
37、and fork or ones own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization. 14.三国演义由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡(turbulent)时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元
38、280年领土统一(reunification)时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1，191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in
39、AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters. 15.秧歌舞(Yangko)是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装(costume)，他们的表演动作有力而迅速。在农历春
40、节、元宵节等节日期闻，人们一旦听到锣(gong)鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。 The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces. Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes，and their movements are vi
41、gorous and quick. During holidays such as lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outsideIn recent years，elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have
42、 been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers mostly enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round16. 词，是中国古代诗歌的一种。它始于南梁代，形成于唐代，至宋代达到顶峰。词多配合音乐可以演唱，是唐宋时代的主要文学形式之一。词最早产生于民间，大都是反映爱情相思之类的内容。词基本可以分为两个流派：一派以李煜、李清照等为代表，其语言优美；另一派以苏轼、辛弃疾等为代表，其语言宏大豪放。 核心词汇：词：Ci南梁：Southern Lang Dynasty
43、流派： schoolWords, is an ancient Chinese poetry. It began in Southern Liang Dynasty, formed in the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty peaked. More than words can sing with the music, is the Tang and Song Dynasties one of the major literary forms. The word originated in the private sector, mostly reflect
44、ing the love of Acacia class content. Words can be basically divided into two schools: one faction to Li Yu, Li Qingzhao as the representatives, and its language is beautiful; faction of Su Shi, Xin as the representatives, their language ambitious bold.17. 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁
45、塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关大部分都是在明代修建的。 The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, its just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Towe
46、r; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the Great Wall until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, sta
47、rting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty. 18.中国的菜肴拥有许多种不同的流派(genre)，但是最具影响力并且最为公众所熟悉的就是“八大菜系“the“Eight Categories of Chinese cuisine”)。它们是：鲁菜、川菜、粤菜、闽菜、苏菜、浙菜、湘菜以及徽菜。确定一种流派形式的关键要素十分复杂，包括历史、烹调特征、地理、气候、资源以及生活方式。不同地区的菜肴各具特色，因此尽管有时两个地
48、区相互毗邻，但是它们的风格却完全不同。 Chinese cuisine has a number of different genres, but the most influential and typical known by the public are the “Eight Categories of Chinese Cuisine”. These are as follows：Shandong Cuisine，Sichuan Cuisine，Guangdong Cuisine，Fujian Cuisine，Jiangsu Cuisine，Zhejiang Cuisine, Hunan
49、 Cuisine，and Anhui Cuisine. The essential factors that establish the form of a genre are complex and include history, cooking features, geography, climate, resources and lifestyles. Cuisines from different regions are so distinctive that sometimes despite the fact that two areas are geographical neighbors，their styles are completely alien19.川剧(Sichuan 0pera)就像四川火锅以及其他的名菜一样动人、丰富。变脸(Face Changing)是川