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1、2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题412010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题42009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题152009年考研英语真题答案252008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题272008年考研英语真题答案382007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题392007年考研英语真题答案522006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题542006年考研英语真题答案672005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题692005年考研英语真题答案822004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题842004年考研英语真题答案982003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英
2、语试题1002003年考研英语真题答案1152002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1172002年考研英语真题答案1322001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1342001年考研英语真题答案1522000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1542000年考研英语真题答案1721999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1741999年考研英语真题答案1911998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1931998年考研英语真题答案2111997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题2131997年考研英语真题答案2301996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题2321996年考研
3、英语真题答案2481995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题2501995年考研英语真题答案2661994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题2681994年考研英语真题答案2841993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题2861993年考研英语真题答案3011992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3031992年考研英语真题答案3171991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3191991年考研英语真题答案3331990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3341990年考研英语真题答案3451989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3471989年考研英语真题答案3591988
4、年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3611988年考研英语真题答案3731987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3751987年考研英语真题答案3881986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题3901986年考研英语真题答案4021985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题4041985年考研英语真题答案4151984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题4171984年考研英语真题答案4311983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题4331983年考研英语真题答案4431982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题4451982年考研英语真题答案4541981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考
5、试英语试题4561981年考研英语真题答案4631980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题4661980年考研英语真题答案4722010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two e
6、ngineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential
7、 idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not what was done in the exp
8、eriment; something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers behavior itself.After several decades, the same data were to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store the descriptions on record, no systemat
9、ic was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to interpretation of what happed. , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output rose compared with the prev
10、ious Saturday and to rise for the next couple of days. , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that
11、 the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down.1.A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored2.A atB upC withD off3.A truthB sightC actD proof4.A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5.A requirementsB explanationC accountsD assessments6.A concludeB matterC indicateD work7.A as far asB fo
12、r fear thatC in case thatD so long as8.A awarenessB expectationC sentimentD illusion9.A suitableB excessiveC enoughD abundant10.A aboutB forC onD by11.A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12.A contrary toB consistent withC parallel withD peculiar to13.A evidenceB guidanceC implicationD source14.A d
13、isputableB enlighteningC reliableD misleading15.A In contrastB For exampleC In consequenceD As usual16.A dulyB accidentallyC unpredictablyD suddenly17.A failedB ceasedC startedD continued20.A breakingB climbingC surpassingD hittingSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following fo
14、ur texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in th
15、e scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of
16、criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper review
17、s published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major p
18、apers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,
19、and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately, th
20、ese critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, a
21、stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism
22、will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is
23、 indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in
24、England before World War II were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers
25、 are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style cater
26、s largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of pate
27、nts have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its one-click online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to sc
28、ale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-me
29、thod patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is a very big deal, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit it
30、self that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive righ
31、ts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents de
32、spite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging r
33、isk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits a
34、ction comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are rea
35、cting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to businessB their connection with asset allocationC the pos
36、sible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisionsB It involves a very big business transactionC It has been dismissed by the Federal CircuitD It may change the legal practices in
37、the U.S.28.The word about-face (Line 1, Para 3) most probably meansA loss of good willB increase of hostilityC change of attitudeD enhancement of dignity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immune to legal challengesB are often unnecessarily issuedC lower the es
38、teem for patent holdersD increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to business-method patentsB Protection for business-method patent holdersC A legal case regarding business-method patentsD A prevailing trend against business-method
39、patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it
40、 doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the two step flow of communication: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the
41、two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search
42、 for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have co
43、me up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose o
44、utsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social ep
45、idemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to
46、 do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth abou
47、t interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call global cascades the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a