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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date高考英语阅读理解专题练习-主旨大意题1英语阅读理解专题指导主旨大意题主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心，作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明中心话题。因此，把握主旨大意对于正确理解全文具有重要意义。要找出主旨大意，应采用快速阅读法浏览全文，阅读时要注意抓住表达中心思想的句子。文章不同，中心句在文章中
2、的位置也就不同，但一般情况下阅读时应特别留意文章的开头、结尾及各个段落的首句和尾句，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。常见的命题方式：What is the main idea of this passage?What dose this passage mainly concern?The main theme of this passage is_The main point of the passage is_Which of the following is the best title for the passage?The title that best expresses the
3、theme of the passage is_The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下几种情况：1。题句位于句首。主题句出现在文首，开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎写作法。2。主题句位于段末。主题句出现在文章结尾是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。这是英语中最常见的归纳写作法。3. 主
4、题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方法也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。4。主题句位于段落的中间。主题句出现在文章的中间，通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、说明或发展。5。主题句隐含在段意之中。全文没有明确的主题句。其中心思想包含在各个句子中，在这种情况下，读者要把所有已知的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出主题句。【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can
5、 we do? Here are some steps you can take。Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(电网). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters
6、monthly or as needed。Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than 65 per year。Carpool. The a
7、verage U.S. commuter(乘车上班族) could save about 260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpgassuming the three passengers share the cost of gas.This passage is mainly about _。A. energy-saving tips B. fuel-saving tipsC. do-it-yourself tips D. environment-protecting
8、 tips【解析】 本文主要介绍了如何节约能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主题很明显，文章一开始就点明了主题，接下来整篇文章都是围绕如何save energy展开，而save fuel仅仅只是其中的一部分。故选A。针对主旨大意类题目，应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文。在阅读时，应特别注意文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题。【典例2】 Domestic (驯养的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses werent
9、tame (驯服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. Th
10、is was the first step in domestication。The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to
11、ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.The passage i
12、s mainly about _。A. why humans domesticated horsesB. how humans and horses needed each otherC. why horses came in different shapes and sizesD. how human societies and horses influenced each other【解析】 本文以时间为顺序，记叙了人类对马的驯化以及马对人类的生活所产生的重要影响。本题考查主旨大意。前四段说明，人类驯养了野马，使得马的种类繁多，这是人类社会对马的影响；最后一段说明，马作为交通工具加速了人类
13、文化传播的进程。故文章的主题应是D所说的内容。此主题句出现在文章的最后一段。如果文章没有明确的主题句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各个段落中，考生可采取提纲挈领的方法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来，概括出全文的中心思想。选择标题属主旨大意题，是阅读理解题常考的题型之一。那么怎么样选择文章的标题？ 选择文章标题属深层次理解题，它要求考生在通读全文的基础上，认真分析主人公的特定心态、文章大意及作者写作意图，在此基础上，所选出的标题还应做到概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合。1。概括性原则 要求标题应在最大限度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。标题实际上是文章主题的一种确认方式。前面我们
14、提到，通过寻找主题句，往往很容易确定短文的标题。但大多数文章的主题句并不明显，需要我们通过体会字里行间蕴含的意思从整体上把握文章的主旨，从全局的角度概括归纳出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。2。针对性原则 针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则、针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即标题不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。3。醒目性原则 标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂。标题的好坏往往会影响文章的可读性。读者往往从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比
15、较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。所以在标题选择的过程中，在满足概括性和针对性的条件下，还要考虑标题的醒目性。A.主题句呈现的形式1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pa
16、ndas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources
17、too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild ani
18、mal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other
19、 land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.3).文中，通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻
20、辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a
21、flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me
22、 to the career.“she said&O1472;（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten bysnakes.”Shu said.5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the Unive
23、rsity of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of
24、the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.分析此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Josh
25、ua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus.I agree with the opinion that.;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that.; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would p
26、refer. Reading comprehension-Main idea1. The easy way out isnt always easiest. I learned that lesson when I decided to treat Doug, my husband of one month, to a special meal. I glanced through my cookbook and chose a menu which included homemade bread. Knowing the bread would take tine, I started on
27、 it as soon as Doug left for work. As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, two dozen would be better, so I doubled everything. As Doug loved oranges, I also opened a can of orange and poured it all into the bowl. Soon there was a sticky dough (面团) covered with ugly yellow
28、ish marks. Realizing I had been defeated, I put the dough in the rubbish bin outside so I wouldnt have to face Doug laughing at my work. I went on preparing the rest if the meal, and, when Doug got home , we sat down to Cornish chicken with rice. He tried to enjoy the meal but seemed disturbed. Twic
29、e he got up and went out side , saying he thought he heard a noise. The third time he left, I went to the window to see what he was doing. Looking out , I saw Doug standing about three feet from the rubbish bin, holding the lid up with a stick and looking into the container. When I came out of the h
30、ouse , he dropped the stick and explained that there was something alive in our rubbish bin . Picking up the stick again, he held the lid up enough for me to see. I felt cold. But I stepped close and looked harder. Without doubt it was my work. The hot sun had caused the sough to dough to double in
31、size and the fermenting yeast (酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as thought it were breathing . It looked like some unknown being from outer space. I could see why Doug was shaken. I had to admit what the “living thing” was and why it was there. I dont know who was more embarrassed (尴尬) by the who
32、le thing Doug or me.The writers purpose in writing this story is _a. to tell an interesting experience.b. To show the easiest way out of a difficulty.c. To describe the trouble facing a newly married woman d. To explain the difficulty of learning to cook from books2 Decision thinking is not unlike p
33、oker- it of ten matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process () is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.The great mathematicia
34、n John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks; they dont win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “ imperfect informatio
35、n”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quit the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very
36、 imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors () which would even puzzle() best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not po
37、ker.The subject discussed in this text is _a. the process of reaching decision b. the difference between poker and chessc. the secret of making good business plans d. the value of information in winning games3 Most people feel lonely sometimes, but it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a f
38、ew hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious, In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness.The first kind of loneliness is temporary(暂时的) . This is the most common type. It usually disappear
39、s quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situationfor example a family problem, the death of a loves one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headache
40、s and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year.The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic(长期的) loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and bec
41、oming close to others. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition.Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a persons social contacts, e.g. friends, family members, co-workers, etc. We depend on various p
42、eople for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their own popula
43、rity.Psychologists are trying to find ways to help habitually lonely people for two reasons: they are unhappy and unable to socialize and there is a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illness such as heart disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be a normal, healthy pa
44、rt of life, chronic loneliness can be a very sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.1. The topic of the 4th paragraph is that _.a. one problem of loneliness is a persons social contacts b. we depend on various people for different reasonsc. lonely people dont have many social problemsd. lonely peopl
45、e dont have many friends 2. What is the best title for the passage?a. Three Kinds of Loneliness. b. :Loneliness and Diseasesc. Loneliness and Social Contacts d. Chronic Loneliness.4Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道)? You wont be for long. Miamis Mark Sh
46、antzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and cycle, too.In Shantzis Hi-Rise Recycling system, a chute leads to a pip-shaped container with six boxes that can turn around when operated. The system, which fits in the same space as the chute and container now in use
47、, enables ,glass, plastics, paper, metal, and other rubbish to go into separate boxes.The system is controlled from a board foxed next to the chute door. The board has a button for each class of recycling materials (). At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute doors and
48、sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full. And a particular piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables. Sorting(分类) recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive mat