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1、从老人与海看海明威的的人格特点摘要：作者本身的一些特点通常会在作品中反映出来，海明威也不例外。他在小说老人与海中表现了作者自身自信乐观、执着刚强、坚忍不拔、温柔体贴、凝练简洁、满怀希望的人格特点。关键词：海明威；人格；自信；乐观“人格”一词来源于古希腊语,最初的意思是“绘图”、“印记”。亚里士多德曾用它来描述人的“性情”、“习惯”和“思想方式”等。后来,也被用来特指演员所戴的假面具。在现代汉语中,人格的涵义被演化为人的性格、气质、能力等特征的总和。因此，人格是个体在濡化与社会化及在周围环境适应过程中表现出的个性特征的总称。人格通常被理解为个体的气质、性格、兴趣、爱好的综合表现，进一步则被认为是
2、一系列的核心价值观、连续而持久的自我与身心组成。个体人格是通过个体具备的一定的先天素质，同时受到家庭、学校教育、社会环境等心理的、社会的影响，逐步形成的能力、气质、性格等心理特征的总和，通过个体与周围环境的相互作用，形成不同的需要、动机，以及较为稳定的理想、信念、世界观等。有人评价海明威说：“柔弱的第一自我和强悍的第二自我之间的长时间的冲突，他的作品一再出现雅格布森所说的对称”。所谓“对称”，无非指二重人格。也就是说，海明威的作品体现出外弱而内强的特点。老人与海是海明威对人生真谛刻骨铭心的体验，是他用痛苦、挫折、血泪换来的人生感受。海明威的小说题材大多取自于个人亲身经历，笔下的人物和他本人常有
3、很多相似之处，他们无论面对多么严重的情况、多么巨大的困难、多么可怕的死神，从不失人的尊严，从不丧失勇气和决心，与之奋斗到底，具有刚毅不屈、视死如归的性格和斗士般的精神，这就是海明威主人公所具有的“硬汉”性格，同时也是他本人性格的真实写照。海明威在圣地亚哥身上覆盖了太多自己的影子，却又让自己的精神在圣地亚哥身上得以升华。这部作品体现了作者自身自信乐观、执着刚强、坚忍不拔、温柔体贴、凝练简洁、满怀希望的人格特点。小说一开始，主人公桑提亚哥便以悲剧形象展现在读者面前。这种悲剧氛围，使人感受了生存的沉重感，令读者不由自主地产生同情、怜悯之心。“他一连八十四天,一条鱼也没有钓到。”后来经过三天三夜的艰苦
4、恶战，年老的桑提亚哥用自己超常的智慧、勇气和毅力终于打败了大马林鱼，然而，老人载着自己的胜利果实在返航途中却不断遭到鲨鱼的袭击和围攻。最终的结局是:精疲力竭的老人拖着残剩的大鱼骨架返回家乡的港岸。他战胜了孤独、饥渴、乏力、伤痛、寒冷、抽筋等艰难困苦，但他毕竟成不了凯旋的勇士，因为他的奋斗等于零，他带回的大马林鱼骨架不过是等着给潮水卷走的垃圾罢了。这场惊心动魄的斗争结局显示出“硬汉”的悲惨、苍凉与无奈，令人感叹。表面看老人是失败了，但老人的人格在这种悲壮中得以升华，象征着人类的这种坚不可摧的精神力量。老人用自己坚定不移的意志和勇敢顽强的决心完成了这场比赛，也完成了自身的塑造自信、乐观、不畏艰险、
5、永不言败的英雄形象。一、自信乐观查士德斐尔爵士有句名言：目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力量源泉之一，也是成功的利器之一。没有它，天才也会在矛盾无定的迷径中，徒劳无功。老人与海的主人公桑提亚哥是海明威塑造的又一“硬汉”形象。无论面对多么严重的情况、多么巨大的困难、多么可怕的死神，他从不失人的尊严，从不丧失勇气和决心，与之奋斗到底，具有刚毅不屈、视死如归的性格和斗士般的精神，这就是海明威主人公所具有的“硬汉”性格，同时也是他本人性格的真实写照。小说写出了他不达目的决不罢休的倔强性格和乐观开朗的精神。即人类不向命运低头，永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度，赞美了人类生命的伟力。二、执着刚强、坚忍
6、不拔果戈理说：在没有开始履行自己的使命以前，要有钢铁般的意志和耐心，不要害怕险峻、漫长的几乎没有尽头的阶梯。厄运、失败并不可怕，可怕的是像大多数平庸的人那样被吓倒，做胜利的英雄易，做失败的英雄难。桑地亚哥之所以感人至深令人同情和崇敬，就在于作者展现了这位老人“烈士暮年，壮心不已”的奋发向上，执着刚强，坚忍不拔，知难而进，敢于失败的精神力量。老人与大马林鱼的搏斗以及他与鲨鱼群的较量，在这搏斗和较量中，老人充分体现出了自己超凡的勇气、意志和忍耐力。这就是西方文化中突出个人意识强调个人价值的具体表现。三、温柔体贴。谈及作品中的桑提亚哥，人们常常注重于性格上“硬”的一面，却忽略了他在性格上所表露出来的
7、温柔体贴的另一面。处身于恶劣的自然环境，老人将无边无垠的大海比作一个女人，美丽又可爱；当作一位母亲，仁慈而体贴；他将自己的对手马林鱼称做“兄弟”，甚至想亲手喂喂它；老渔夫同情弱不禁风的小海燕，即使在海上紧张的搏斗中，也要同歇脚于船艄的“小鸟朋友”友好交谈。这种对弱者的同情、对对手的尊重与对凶恶的鲨鱼的憎恶形成了鲜明的对比。处身于复杂的社会环境，面对连续八十四天出海捕鱼一无所获的背运，面对小男孩父母的蔑视，老人却十分和善；即使拼死决斗而挣得的一副鱼骨架，也不忘了把鱼头送人钓鱼用；作品中老人与小男孩马诺林之间真挚友谊和交往，也正是体现老人纯洁、善良、慈爱的人生情感。英语成语大全A bad begi
8、nning makes a bad ending. 恶其始者必恶其终。 A bad bush is better than the open field. 有胜于无。 A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit. 吃亏的和解也比胜诉强。 A bad conscience is a snake in ones heart. 做贼心虚。 A bad custom is like a good cake, better broken than kept. 坏习惯像鲜馅饼，分食要比保存好。 A bad padlock invites a pickloc
9、k. 开门揖盗。 A bad penny always turns up.烂钱总是会再回笼A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。 A bad workman quarrels with his tools. 拙匠常怨工具差(人笨怨刀钝)。 A bargain is a bargain. 达成的协议不可撕毁。 A beggars purse is bottomless. 乞丐的钱袋是无底洞。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 A bird is known by its note, and a
10、man by his talk. 闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。 A bird may be known by its song. 什么鸟唱什么歌。 A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day. 略有胜于全无。 A blind man who leans against a wall imagines that its the boundary of the world. 坐井观天。 A blind man will not thank you for a looking-glass. 秋波送盲，白费痴情。 A book is the
11、same today as it always was and it will never change. 一本好书今天如此，将来也如此，永不改变。 A book that remains shut is but a block. 有书闭卷不阅读，无异是一块木头。 A borrowed cloak does not keep one warm. 借来的斗篷不暖身。 Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it. 相聚爱益切，离别情更深。 A burden of ones choice is not felt. 自己选的担子不嫌重。 A burnt
12、 child dreads the fire. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛焚自身，光亮照别人。 A cat may look at a king. 猫也有权晋见国王。 A cat has nine lives. 猫有九条命。 Accidents will happen. 天有不测风云。 A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. 链条的坚固程度取决于它最薄弱的环节。 A change of work is as good as a rest. 调换一下工作
13、是很好的休息。 A cheerful wife is the joy of life. 快乐的妻子是生活的乐事。 A clean hand wants no washing. 身正不怕影子斜。 A clear conscience is a soft pillow. 问心无愧，高枕无忧。 A clear conscience is a sure card. 光明磊落，胜券在握。 A clear conscience laughs at false accusations. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 A clear fast is better than a dirty breakfas
14、t. 宁为清贫，不为浊富。 A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入，祸从口出。 A cock is valiant on his own dunghill. 夜郎自大。 A common danger causes common action. 同仇敌忾。 A constant guest is never welcome. 久住非佳宾，常来不欢迎。 A contented mind is perpetual feast. 知足常乐。 A covetous man is good to none but worse to himself. 贪婪的人对别人毫无好
15、处，对自己却坏处更大。 A crafty knave needs no broker. 狡猾的流氓，不需居间人。 A creaking door hangs long on its hinges. 户枢不蠹。 Action is the proper fruit of knowledge. 行动是知识的巧果。 Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 A discontented man knows not where to sit easy. 不满足者坐无宁时。 A disease known is half cured. 病情确诊断，治病好一半。 A
16、dmonish your friends in private, praise them in public. 在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。 A dog will not howl if you beat him with a bone. 骨头打狗狗不叫。 Adversity is a good discipline. 苦难是磨练人的好机会。 Adversity leads to prosperity. 逆境迎向昌盛。 Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. 患难使人聪明，但不能致富。 Adversity makes strange b
17、edfellows. 身处逆境不择友。 Adversity successfully overcome is the highest glory. 成功地克服困难是最大的光荣。 A fair death honours the whole life. 死得光明，终身荣耀。 A fair face may hide a foul heart. 人不可貌相。 A faithful friend is hard to find. 益友难得。 A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。 After dinner sit a while, afte
18、r supper walk a while. 午饭后要坐，晚饭后要走。 A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both. 父亲是财富，兄弟是安慰，朋友兼而有之。 A fault confessed is half redressed. 承认错误，等于改正一半。 Affairs that are done by due degrees are soon ended. 事情要安步就班地做，就会很快地做完。 A flow of words is no proof of wisdom. 口若悬河不能作为才智的证明
19、。 A fool always comes short of his reckoning. 愚人常缺算计。 A fool always rushes to the fore. 傻瓜总爱强出头。 A fool and his money are soon parted. 笨蛋难聚财。 A fool attempting to be witty is an object of profoundest pity. 蠢人装聪明，实在最可怜。 A fool can ask more questions than seven wise men can answer. 一愚发问，七智结舌。 A fool m
20、ay ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years. 愚者所问，智者难答。 A fool may give a wise man counsel. 愚者千虑，必有一得。 A fool may throw a stone into a well which a hundred wise men cannot pull out. 一愚所失，百智难回。 A fool knows more in his own house than a wise man in another. 一个蠢材在他自己家里所知的
21、事比一个聪明人在别人家里所知的事要多。 A fools bolt may sometimes hit the mark. 愚者千虑，必有一得。 A fools heart dances on his lips. 愚人心坦荡，挂在嘴唇上。 A fox may grow grey, but never good. 狐狸会变，但本性难移。 A friend exaggerates a mans virtue, an enemy his crimes. 朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大人的罪过。 A friend in court is better than a penny in purse. 曩中有钱，
22、不如朝中有友。 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真朋友。 A friend is a second self. 朋友是另一个我。 A friend is best found in adversity. 患难见真友。 A friend is never known till a man have need. 不到患难时，永远不能认识真正的朋友。 A friend is not so soon gotten as lost. 交友慢，失友快。 A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. 广交友，无
23、深交。 A friend without faults will never be found. 没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。 After a storm comes a calm. 否极泰来。 After black clouds, clear weather. 否极泰来。 After death, the doctor. 放马后炮。 After dinner comes the reckoning. 吃喝玩乐，该付代价。 After dinner sit a while; after supper walk a mile. 午餐之后坐片刻，晚饭之后走一里。 After meat, mus
24、tard. 雨后送伞。 A full belly counsels well. 衣食足而后知荣辱。 A full cup must be carried steadily. 杯满盈，须持稳。 A good anvil does not fear the hammer. 好砧不怕锤。 A good appetite is a good sauce. 饥不择食。 A good beginning is half the battle. 首战告捷等于一半胜利。 A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者必善其终。 A good book is a best f
25、riend who never turns his back upon us. 一本好书，莫逆之交。 A good book is a light to the soul. 好书一本，照亮心灵。 A good conscience is a continual feast. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 A good conscience is a soft pillow. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 A good dog deserves a good bone. 有劳得奖。 A good example is the best sermon. 身教胜似言教。 A good fac
26、e is a letter of recommendation. 好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。 A good face needs no paint. 美貌无需擦脂抹粉。 A good fame is better than a good face. 好的名望胜于好的相貌。 A good friend is my nearest relation. 良友如近亲。 A good head and an industrious hand are worth gold in any land. 聪明脑袋勤劳手，走遍天下贵如金。 A good healthy body is worth more a
27、 crown in gold. 健康的身体贵于黄金铸成的皇冠。 A good heart cants lie. 有仁心者不说谎话。 A good heart conquers ill fortune. 善心克厄运。 A good horse cannot be of a bad colour. 良马的毛色不会差。 A good horse often needs a good spur. 好马常要好靴刺。 A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。 A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。 A good medi
28、cine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。 A good name is better than riches. 好名誉胜过有财富。 A good name is earlier lost than won. 失去美名易，得到美名难。 A good name is sooner lost than won. 美誉难得而易失。 A good name keeps lustre in the dark. 好的名声在黑暗中也会光芒四射。 A good neighbour is better than a bother in the next village. 远亲不如近邻。 A g
29、ood surgeon must have an eagles eye, a lions heart, and a ladys hand. 出色的外科医生必须心明眼亮和有一双灵巧的手。 A good tale is none the worse for being twice told. 好故事百听不厌。 A good tongue is a good weapon. 伶俐的口齿是一种锐利的武器。 A good wife makes a good husband. 有好妻子就有好丈夫。 A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。 A great tal
30、ker is a great liar. 最会饶舌的人也是最会说谎的人。 A great ship asks deep water. 巨轮寻深水而航行。 A guilty conscience is a self-accuser. 做贼心虚，良心自诛。 A guilty conscience needs no accuser. 贼胆心虚。 A handful of common sense is worth bushel of learning. 一点小常识常胜过很多有价值的学问。 A happy heart makes a blooming visage. 心花怒放，笑逐颜开。 A hast
31、y man is seldom out of trouble. 性急难免出岔子。 A heavy purse makes a light heart. 腰包钱财足，心境自然宽。 A heavy snow promise a good harvest. 瑞雪兆丰年。 A hero is known in the time of misfortune. 时势造英雄。 A horse is neither better nor worse for his trappings. 相马不可凭马的装饰。 A house divided against itself cannot stand. 家庭内讧难维
32、系。 A Jack of all trades and master of none. 三脚猫无所长。 A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend. 开玩笑总不能化敌为友，反而有时会失去朋友。 A journey of a thousand miles begains with a single step. 千里之行，始于足下。 A lamb is as dear to a poor man as an ox to the rich. 穷人的一只羔羊比富人的一头牛还要珍贵。 A lazy sheep thinks its wool
33、heavy. 懒羊嫌毛重 A lazy youth, a lousy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 Ale will make a cat speak. 酒后吐真言。 A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 骗子说真话，也没人相信。 A liar is worse than a thief. 撒谎比偷窃更可恶。 A lie begets a lie till they come to generation. 谎言生谎言，谎言传万代。 A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
34、人生在世无朋友，犹如生活无太阳。 A life without a purpose is a ship without a rudder. 人生无目的，犹如船失去了舵。 A light purse is a heavy curse. 为人无钱处处难。 A light purse makes a heavy heart. 曩中无钱心事重。 A lion at home, a mouse abroad. 在家凶如狮，在外却如鼠。 A little body often harbours a great soul. 莫道身躯小，伟人寓其间。 A little child is the sweetes
35、t and purest thing in the world. 幼儿是世界上最可爱和最纯洁的。 A little fire is quickly trodden out. 小洞易补。 A little is better than none. 聊胜于无。 A little labour, much health. 适量劳动健身大有益。 A little leak will sink a great ship. 千丈之堤溃于蚁穴。 A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。 A little neglect may breed great mis
36、chief. 小不忍则乱大谋。 A little of everything, nothing at all. 每事浅尝辄止，结果将一事无成。 A little pot is soon hot. 壶小水易热。 A little spark kindles a great fire. 星星之火，可以燎原。 A little wind kindles, much puts out the fire. 适可而止，过犹不及。 A living dog is better than a dead lion. 一条活狗胜过一头死狮。 All are brave when the enemy flies.
37、敌人逃跑时，个个都勇敢。 All are not hunters that blow the horn. 吹号角的未必都是猎人。 All are not merry that dance lightly. 表面高兴的，未必都快乐。 All are not saints that go to church. 去做礼拜者，未必皆圣人。 All are not thieves that dogs bark at. 犬之所吠，并非皆贼。 All asses wag their ears. 傻子总爱装聪明。 All bread is not baked in one oven. 人心不同，犹如其面。 A
38、ll cats love fish but fear to wet their paws. 猫都爱吃鱼，却怕爪弄湿。 All covet, all lose. 贪多必失。 All good things came to an end. 天下无不散之宴席。 All is fair in war. 兵不厌诈。 All is fish that comes to ones net. 捉到网里都是鱼。 All is flour that comes to his mill. 到他的磨里都能碾成粉。 All is not at hand that helps. 有用的东西并不都是垂手可得的。 All i
39、s not gain that is put in the purse. 放入钱包的钱财，并非都是应得的。 All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的东西并不都是黄金。 All is not lost that is in danger. 在危险中的东西未必都会损失。 All is well that ends well. 结果美满都是好的。 All men are mortal. 人孰无死。 All men cannot be first. 不可能人人都得第一名。 All ones geese are swans. 自吹自擂。 All rivers run into
40、 the sea. 百川入海。 All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。 Alls fair in love and war. 爱情和战争是不择手段的。 Alls fish that comes to his net. 到了网中都是鱼。 All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。 All the treasures of the earth would not bring back one lost moment. 机会失去不再来，千贯万贯难赎回。 All the wit in the world is not i
41、n one head. 世界上所有的智慧不可能集中于一个脑袋。 All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 整个世界是个舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事都是先难后易。 All things are easy that are done willingly. 做事乐意，诸事容易。 All things are obedient to money. 有钱能使鬼推磨。 All things will come round
42、 to him who will but wait. 只要耐心肯等待，一切都会按时来。 All time is no time when it is past. 光阴一去不复返。 All truths are not to be told. 真理并不都能说得清。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy. 只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻；尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。 Although it rains, throw not away your watering
43、 pot. 纵然天下雨，休把水壶丢。 Always taking out of the meal-tub and never putting in, soon comes to the bottom. 坐吃山空。 A maiden with many wooers often chooses the worst. 少女有了许多求婚者往往选中了最差的一个。 A maid that laughs is half taken. 少女露笑脸，婚事半成全。 A man alone is either a saint or a devil. 孤身独处的人可以为圣哲，也可为恶魔。 A man apt to
44、promise is apt to forget. 轻诺者易忘。 A man can die but once. 人生只有一次死。 A man can do no more than he can. 凡事只能量力而行。 A man can never thrive who had a wasteful wife. 妻子浪费无度，丈夫不会出头。 A man cannot serve two masters. 一仆不能事二主。 A man can not spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。 A man cannot whistle and drink a
45、t he same time. 一心不能二用。 A man has his hour, and a dog has his day. 人有称心时，狗有得意日。 A man has two ears and one mouth that he may hear much and speak little. 人有两只耳朵一张嘴，就是为了多听少说话。 A man is as old as he feels. 老不老，自己晓。 A man is known by the company he keeps. 察其友知其人。 A man is not a horse because he was born
46、 in a stable. 人并不因为生在马厩里就成了马。 A man is not good or bad for one action. 判断人的好坏不能凭一次行为。 A man knows his companion in a long journey and a little inn. 路遥知马力，日久见人心。 A man may dig his grave with his teeth. 祸从口出。 A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink. 牵马到河易，强马饮水难。 A man may lov
47、e his house well without riding on the ridge. 有宝何必人前夸。 A man may smile and smile and be villain. 笑里藏奸。 A man may talk like a wise man and yet act like a fool. 一个人可能说话像个聪明人，而行为像个大笨蛋。 A man of gladness seldom falls into madness. 生性乐天的人极少会变成疯子。 A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of w
48、eeds. 讲而不做，犹如花园里长满了荒草。 A mans actions show his character. 行为可显出一个人的品性。 A man who has friend must show himself friendly. 与朋友交，必须友好相处。 A man without a smiling face must not open a shop. 人无笑脸，不要开店。 A man without money is a bow without an arrow. 人无钱，犹如弓无箭。 A man without reason is a beast in season. 人无理智就像是一头发情的野兽。 A match will set fire to a large building. 星星之火，可以燎原。A h