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1、外文资料Chinas hydroelectric power the current situation and prospectsAbstract: The electricity is a modern industrial production and the life of an essential driving force for energy, hydroelectric power industry is a category. The founding of the past 50 years, Chinas hydropower industry has developed
2、 by leaps and bounds, has made remarkable achievements. The rise of hydropower in China there is a profound background. Key words: Hydro-electric power Status Prospects First, China has a large-scale utilization of water resources and the need for the conditions. Chinas abundant hydropower resources
3、, whether they are reserves of hydropower resources, or the possible development of hydropower resources in the countries in the world in the first rank. But Chinas energy utilization rate is only 13 percent, hydropower prospects are bright. As Chinas rapid economic growth, total energy consumption
4、is also up sharply, coal, oil and gas these conventional energy consumption growing, or even need to rely on imports. It is estimated that by 2010 Chinas need to import about 100 million t of oil, and its dependence on imports will reach 40 percent or even higher. In such a situation, the developmen
5、t of new energy was particularly important and urgent. The water is a renewable and new energy, an inexhaustible supply of it. Second, the development of hydropower is also the need for environmental protection. Conventional power generation, coal combustion emissions in the course of a large number
6、 of hazardous substances so that the atmospheric environment is seriously contaminated, and acid rain caused greenhouse effect, and many other environmental problems. And nuclear power generation have great potential risk, once the pollution caused by leakage, damage to the environment is immeasurab
7、le role. Hydro-electric power is not emissions of harmful gases, dust and ash, and no nuclear radiation pollution, is a clean power production, has obvious advantages. Third, hydro-electric power after more than a century of development, construction technology, manufacturing technology and hydro-ge
8、nerator groups in the transmission technology improved, stand-alone capacity has been increased. And low-cost hydro-electric power, running the high reliability, the extremely rapid development. 1 Overview of Chinas hydropower resourcesChinas many rivers, rich runoff, huge gap, contains abundant hyd
9、ropower resources. According to statistics, Chinas river water resources reserves 676 million kw, the generating capacity of 592.2 billion kwh; possible development of hydropower resources of the installed capacity of 378 million kw, the generating capacity of 920 billion kwh. Due to climate and top
10、ographical factors such as topography of the impact of Chinas hydropower resources in different regions and different distribution is very uneven Basin; Chinas hydropower resources of the river is a prominent characteristic of the steep river, the huge gap, originated the roof of the world Qinghai-T
11、ibet Plateau of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Yarlung Zangbo River, Lancang River, Nujiang River, the natural differences are about as high as 5000 m, forming a series of the worlds largest rivers divide, which is not found in other countries. Full understanding of the characteristics of China
12、s hydropower resources can be in the development process in light of local conditions, reasonably full use of hydropower resources. 2 status quo of Chinas hydropower development A century, particularly since 1949, after several generations of hydropower builders of hard work, Chinas hydropower const
13、ruction from small to large and from weak to strong continue to grow and develop. Since reform and opening up, utilities are building more rapid development of projects have been expanding. 1950s to the early 1960s, mainly repairing the dam and power station fullness, Dragon River. Gutian, and other
14、 minor works, initiated the development of small and medium hydropower (such as 114-8508, the Huaihe River, Huangtankou, Liuxihe, such as power stations). In the late 1950s in terms gradually mature, a number of rivers cascade development, such as Shizitan, salt Yanguoxia, Tuo River, Xinfengjiang, X
15、inanjiang, the West-and cat jumping into a river to river at the works. The mid-1960s to the late 1970s during the period has started Gongzui, Yingxiuwan, Wujiangdu, Bikou, Fung Beach, Longyangxia, Baishan, Dahua and other projects. The early 1970s first 1000 MW installed capacity of the Liujiaxia H
16、ydropower Station production. 2715 MW capacity of the 1980s the completion of the Gezhouba Hydropower Station, after a series of big hydropower stations have been building, 18200 MW capacity of the Three Gorges Project has started in 1994 and by the end of 2000, the 1000 MW larger than the largest h
17、ydropower station (not including Storage Power Station) has 18. In addition to conventional hydropower station, Chinas pumped-storage power station building has made great achievements. Pumped Storage Power Station was built in the main hydraulic fewer resources, to meet the needs of the power syste
18、m peak load regulation. The construction of the main Pumped Storage Power Station are as follows: Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station to the total capacity of 2.4 million kw, is the first Block is currently the worlds largest pumped-storage power station. Power station construction in two phases
19、with a total capacity of eight, each lasting four and a capacity of 300,000 kw reversible high parameters of pumped storage units, the design of head 535 m, rated speed 500 r / min, comprehensive efficiency of 76 percent. Jiang Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station, a total installed capacity o
20、f 1.8 million kw, a regulation on pure pumped storage power station, power consumption, pumping 4.28 billion kwh. North China Power Grids largest pumped-storage power plant Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station, the Ming Tombs Reservoir for the next pool, using plastic concrete cutoff wall hanging
21、 seepage control technology, power plants to install four 200,000 kw Francis River inverse-turbine pumps, an electric generating units, the installed capacity of 800,000 kw. Hebei Panjiakou hybrid pumped-storage power station, equipped with a conventional Taiwan 150,000 kw hydro-generator group, the
22、re are three pumped-storage units, each of 90,000 kw, total installed capacity of 420,000 kw. In addition, Chinas construction in Tibet also has the worlds highest Pumped Storage Power Station Yangzhuoyong Lake pumped-storage power station. Pumped Storage Power Station is also available in other Bao
23、quan pumped storage power plant in Henan, Anhui Langyashan Pumped Storage Power Station, Shandong Taian Pumped Storage Power Station, Tongbai Pumped Storage Power Station in Zhejiang, Yixing in Jiangsu Pumped Storage Power Station, Hebei Zhang Nihewan Pumped Storage Power Station. 3 Chinas hydropowe
24、r development problems facing the Chinas hydropower industry in nation-building after a considerable development, but there are still many problems. For example, the Ertan Hydropower Station in Sichuan Province since 1949 is the most intensive investment, the largest engineering, technical difficult
25、y of the highest building projects, but an operation on the face of the enormous waste of resources and enterprises to huge losses this embarrassing position. The situation prevailing in Chinas hydropower station. The reasons were mainly the following points. First, the management system, a high deg
26、ree of monopoly power industry system hindered the development of hydropower. Chinas Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Water and Power and management, and water conservancy and hydroelectric power is the power of the integrated projects, but the Ministry and its subordinate electric power
27、throughout the production and scheduling system none of the staff from thermal power systems, power industry from nature Or that a high degree of monopoly industries, enterprises full control of a single power scheduling, power distribution, electricity sales, electricity billing and other powers. A
28、t the same time the electricity market in the period of relative surplus of hydroelectric power, thermal power contradiction between the very sharp and in China under the present circumstances, the priority use of hydropower resources can not be guaranteed, a large number of hydropower resources hav
29、e been wasted. Hydropower and the Internet generally low tariffs, we can imagine the state of hydropower stations. Opening up the electricity market, breaking the monopoly of the power industry system, water and electricity problem is to solve the fundamental way. At the same time, the Internet tari
30、ff for water and electricity reform, debt service tariff that electricity tariff structure to a single bi-use electricity price of the electricity tariff structure. Secondly, in the current economic interests, the number of thermal power production, with the size of the economic benefits are directl
31、y related to mine. Chinas long-term mainly to thermal power, thermal power plants with their long-established fixed in a coal mine, if we use water and electricity to replace thermal power, thermal power plants will face not only the pressure, coal will face great pressure, resulting in thermal powe
32、r plants and coal mines Two aspects of the economic difficulties. Therefore, departments or units by the economic interests of the drive to form a protective thermal power and hydropower light situation, and this caused a lot of hydropower resources have been wasted, and even disposable loss of elec
33、tricity consumption significantly higher than the actual Internet. Third, technically, since the peak shaving or water and electricity load rejection is relatively easy, even a few minutes to complete the start-up of large hydropower generating units and electricity networks, or stopping, and at the
34、 same level of capacity thermal power unit may need a few 10 hours to complete the start or stop. Therefore, in the scheduling grid, the hydropower generating units are often used to peak shaving or backup units, in sufficient water to flood when the power generation, but its importance in the era o
35、f conventional power generation applications, resulting in the huge waste of water and electricity. In short, the cause of Chinas water and electricity problems faced by people in the final analysis is ideologically not aware of the need for the development of hydropower and urgency of water and ele
36、ctricity often because there are one-time investment objective, long construction period, less completed early return The characteristics, and only on the immediate economic interests, water and electricity to the development of multiple objective of the resistance. Therefore, we should vigorously p
37、romote the development of hydropower in China is by the great significance of changing the concept of water and electricity, essentially wiping out all kinds of obstacles. 4 Chinas hydropower development prospects With the deepening of reform and national economic development, Chinas electricity mar
38、ket situation has undergone fundamental changes from the previous power and capacity of the double vacancy into a relative surplus of electricity and peak shaving a serious shortage of capacity, to the development of hydropower A good opportunity. 4.l general principle Now and in the future some tim
39、e, Chinas hydropower development should be the main priority and good regulation of hydropower stations and power industry from all socio-economic development point of view and consider comprehensive study on hydropower development and strength and to prevent waste; reasonable evaluation Pumped Stor
40、age Utility economic benefits, fully aware of the pumped-storage power station filled valley, peak shaving, FM, PM, incidents such as back-up role in the importance of coordinated development in the eastern part of the pumped-storage power station; further strengthen water and electricity basins, Ca
41、scade, and rolling, comprehensive way of development; pay more attention to ecological problems. 4.2 ladder to development and construction of hydropower base Chinas hydropower resources are mainly located in the western region, accounting for more than three quarters, but the current development ra
42、te of eight percent. Especially Yunnan Province, the provinces total installed hydropower capacity can be developed about 90 million kw, the countrys total installed capacity of hydropower development can be 23.8 percent, ranking the second in the provincial water resources are mainly located in the
43、 Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nujiang River, Pearl River, Red River and the Irrawaddy, such as Jiangs six major river systems, in western China is the most potential for hydropower development of the main provinces. However, Yunnan Provinces industrial base is relatively backward, electricity and wa
44、ter resources are mainly located in the inconvenience of cross mountains, the development more difficult. With the great western development strategy for the implementation of the West, East project will lose the activation of the rich hydropower resources, and promote the cause of Chinas hydropower
45、 development. Yunnan Province to play the regional advantages, to build Chinas hydropower energy base, and the West, East lose, both local economic development to meet the demand for electricity, but also optimize the countrys energy structure. At present, Chuan Xinan than the total installed capaci
46、ty of the Three Gorges Power Station is also a 600,000 kw of the Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba hydropower station two giant project formally approved by the State Council, which will be Chinas largest hydropower base. Luobo River Power Station in Leibo County in Sichuan Province and Yongshan County in Yunn
47、an Province at the junction of the design capacity of 12.6 million kw, the average annual generating capacity of 57.12 billion kwh; Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station located in Yibin County, Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province Fuxian water at the junction, the capacity of 6 million kw, the average annu
48、al generating capacity of 30.7 billion kwh. That the construction of two power stations with a strong ability to adjust, less farmland inundated, immigration and other less one of the advantages of large-scale hydropower stations. The two giant hydropower station project marks the official start of
49、Chinas large-scale development of hydropower resources of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River hydropower resources development will greatly improve Chinas power structure, lay the West, the East lost the general pattern of nationwide The energy balance and optimize the allocation. 4.3 continue to attach importance to the development of small hydropower Chinas small hydropower resources are very rich reserves of around 150