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1、The Ways and Skills of Enriching Vocabulary in middle school中学生提高词汇量的方法和技巧AbstractThis paper intends to analyze the ways and skills of enriching vocabulary in middle school with the methods of documentations research, questionnaire, and analytical method. It aims to find out different ways to help m
2、iddle school students remember words easily and quickly. Whats more, this paper tries to deal with the troubles in vocabulary while studying English and strengthen students interest in English.This paper lists many different kinds of ways and skills for students and teachers to choose, such as readi
3、ng, word formation, comparison and so on. Students need some good ways to help them study English which are fit for them. And at the same time, teachers also need skills to teach students how to remember words skillfully. So I write this paper, I hope it can help not only students but also teachers
4、learn English happily and build harmonious classroom environment.Key Words: Enriching vocabulary; middle school English; word formation 内容提要本文使用了文献法，问卷调查法和分析法来研究中学生提高词汇量的方法和技巧，旨在为中学生寻找更简单、快速的记忆单词的方法。更重要的是，本文尽可能的去解决学生在学习英语过程中在词汇上碰到的问题，从而提高学生学习英语的兴趣。本文列出了许多不同种类的方法和技巧供学生和老师选择，例如阅读法，构词法，比较法等等。学生需要适合他们的好
5、的方法来帮助他们学习英语，与此同时，老师也需要方法来教学生如何巧妙的记忆单词。因此我写了这篇文章，我希望它不仅可以帮助学生也可以帮助老师开心的学英语，并且建立一个和谐的教学环境。关键词：扩展词汇量，初中英语，构词法- 1 - 1. Introduction English is one of the most popular and widely used languages in the world. No matter in which area, its importance has been accepted. With the development of Chinas econom
6、ic and science and technology, English is needed in all kinds of areas, such as business, the study of science, literature, the study of culture and so on. Nowadays, you can see so many companies in almost every city. And English become the intermediate language of Chinese and other languages. In or
7、der to keep pace with our countrys fast speed of opening, we, the new generation, should master at lest one language. And most of us choose English, because it is the most widely used language in the world till now. Recently with the fast development of China, English has become the most important a
8、nd well known language in China. In many urban cities, students start to learn English from primary school. In some areas, even from kindergarten, children begin to touch and learn English. But some poor and backward areas, students start to learn English until middle school. That leads to a result,
9、 the English level of students are different from area to area. As we know, parents all want their children to catch up with others, so they try to hire tutors to help their children with English. Nowadays, you can see all kinds of foreign language training schools here and there in almost every cit
10、y.To master a foreign language is a very difficult thing. We should learn it from the very beginning. And learn its words, grammar and culture and so on. English has rich vocabulary and complicated grammar. And as we know, vocabulary is one of the three factors which compose of language. In my opini
11、on it is the most basic and important one. Vocabulary makes peoples thinking come true and people communicate with each other by words and sentences which are made up of words. Without vocabulary, any language will be unimaginable. Vocabulary is the foundation of grammar, sentences and communication
12、. At the same time, it is the foundation of reading, writing, listening and speaking.But actually, in middle school, for students, the biggest problem of learning English is how to remember and enrich vocabulary. And for teachers, they are always trying to find better ways to help students with thei
13、r English study. As we all know, vocabulary is the foundation of English learning. Without words, students cant understand the meaning of sentences and passages. Till now, many scholars have studied the difficulties of enriching vocabulary and tried to find better methods to solve these problems and
14、 help Chinese English learning and teaching.As a student, I know it is hard to remember a lot of words. So I want to find good ways to enrich students vocabulary in middle school. According to others studies, I summarized the ways and skills of enriching vocabulary in middle school, such as reading,
15、 word formation, comparison, context, association and so on.2. The difficulties of vocabulary in learning and teaching English in middle school In some areas, students begin to learn English in primary school. But students only learn speaking in primary school. When they enter into middle school, th
16、ey start to learn writing in the first year. Some of them can not adapt this kind of English learning, and then they become tired of English slowly. Interest is the best teacher. Thats the first problem. The second problem is that, English has a large number of words. “The most straightforward way t
17、o know the size of English word-stock is to look at the number of words in the largest dictionary” (Ding, 2004). Ding (2004) said in his book, English had always been an insatiable borrower throughout its history, especially from the Middle English onwards. Major sources were Latin, Greek, Scandinav
18、ian languages, French, etc. Borrowing not only enlarged the English vocabulary, but also brought about many semantic and stylistic consequences to the whole language. As a beginner to learn English, middle school student have to remember so many words from the very beginning. Some of these words are
19、 about daily life, some are about subjects, some are about other areas. Whats worse, a word may have several different meanings which are decided by context or a word can be used both as a noun and a verb, such as “watch”. I watch TV on weekends. The watch is expensive. In these two sentences, the w
20、ord “watch” is different both in meaning and the part of speech.3. The ways and skills of enriching vocabulary in middle school3.1Reading“Reading gives us the opportunity to touch English vocabulary more frequently and accumulate a large amount of vocabulary.”(Yang, 2010) And “To read well, you need
21、 a strong vocabulary. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.”(Yang, 2010) I think, reading also can help us to understand a new word according to the context and cultivate the sense of language. In middle school, students hardly connect the words with the meaning. Most of them remember
22、 words by rote. And reading can deal with middle school students problem. Because by reading, students can learn and remember new words in the context. Many years ago, reading was considered to be a good way of remembering words. And now it is still a good way.3.1.1The method of twice readingTwice r
23、eading means read a passage twice. The first time you read a passage, try to focus on training the ability of reading, the main idea and the basic structure. So the first times reading is the so called fast reading. By the way, find some questions at the first times reading. And then read the passag
24、e again. At this time, try to catch two important points. The first one is enlarging vocabulary. You can find many new words in the passage when you are reading, and write them down on your notebooks. And the second one is catching the deep meaning of this passage. In middle school, teachers always
25、use twice reading to analyze a passage. And of course, they think the second times reading is much more important than the first times reading. Because the second times reading is a process of word accumulation and further understanding.3.1.2The accumulation of new vocabularyWith the increasing numb
26、er of passages you have read, you will sum up a lot of new words. And you can write all of them down on your notebooks. And then you can review these words anywhere only if you take your notebooks with you. It is very convenient. And according to psychology, take notes is a good way to improve ones
27、memory.3.1.3The circulation of memoryAccording to psychology, the reasons of remembering are decay and interference. And according to the point of psycholinguistics, there are various kinds of factors to affect ones memory, such as personal psychological factor, the degree of awakening and the frequ
28、ency of repeating. Among them, the frequency of repeating directly affects the efficiency of study. And repeating is the basic skill of remembering. When you are reading a passage, a new word may appear many times, so you can remember it by reviewing again and again. I think many people have heard a
29、bout the forgetting curve which is discovered by H.Ebbinghaus. It also tells us that the circulation of memory can help students to remember words. And the circulation of memory also can be comprehended to using the same things many times. For example, in middle school, when students are learning th
30、e word “movie”, they will be asked “what kind of movies do you like?” many times. Teachers use this way to strengthen students memory.3.2Word Formation3.2.1Affixation“All of the word formation can be mainly divided into two parts: changing from the living words or making new words. (Ding, 2009) I th
31、ink affixation is a way of making new words. And affixation can be mostly divided into prefixation and suffixation. “Prefixation is a way of forming new words by adding prefixes to stems. Usually, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word.” (Ding, 2009) According to their meanings, prefixe
32、s compose of negative prefixes, reversative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of time and order, locative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size and so on. (1) Negative prefixes 1.dis- disable(残疾，无能)，dislike（不喜欢），disability（残疾），disagree（不同意，不一致）2.a-/ an-, abolish(废除)，absent(缺席的),anonymous(无名的，匿名
33、的)3.un- unable(不能)，unacceptable(不能接受的)， unaffected（不受影响的），unarmed（无武器的）4.non- nondescript（难以分类的，没有特征的），nonchalant（漠不关心的），noncommittal（不表态的）5.in- inadequate(不充分的，不适宜的), inconsistent(不和谐的), (2) Reversative or privative prefixes1. un- unpack, undo 2. de- decode, defrost3. dis- discontent, discolored(3)
34、 Pejorative prefixes1. mis- mislead, mishear2. mal- maltreat, malformed(4) Prefixes of degree or size1. super- superman, supermarket2. sub- subway, substandard3. arch- archbishop, archduke“Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes.”(Ding, 2004) And Ding (2009) said that suffixa
35、tion was the process of forming new words by adding suffixes to the end of stems. The chief role a suffix was not to modify the meaning of a stem, but to change the grammatical function of a stem, though there were a few exceptions.” Suffixes include noun suffixes, adverb suffixes, adjective suffixe
36、s and verb suffixes. Such as:er: teenager, worker, teacherster: trickster, gangsterlet: booklet, leafletship: friendship, membership ing: matting, tubingee: interviewee, retiree, escapee3.2.2ConversionAs I said before, a word could be used both as a noun and a verb, or other forms. Students consider
37、 these words which have two or more parts of forms extremely hard to remember. That is called conversion. “Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures.”(Ding, 2009) And there ar
38、e several kinds of conversion:(1) Change noun into verbTom got the money and helicoptered to Camp David.(2) Change verb into noun He likes a quiet smoke after lunch.He took a close look at the picture.(3) Change adjective into nounThese books are given to the poor.She was at her best when talking ab
39、out music.3.2.3BlendingHave you seen the word “motel”? It is motor hotel. People combine motor and hotel into one word. This kind of word formation is so called blending. Ding (2009) said blending was another way to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word; was not to combine
40、 two words directly. Blending often appears in modern English especially American English. For example,Smog-smoke and fog (烟雾)Brunch-breakfast and lunch (早午餐)Telecast-television broadcast (电视广播)Smaze-smoke and haze (阴霾)Chunnel-channel and tunnel (海峡隧道)Workfare-work and welfare (工作福利)Psyawarrior-psyc
41、hological warrior (心理战专家)Memcon-memorandum and conversation (谈话记录)3.2.4AcronymsAn acronym is a process of shortening living words in English and reform new words. “Acronym is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of phrases.” (Ding, 2009) If you have read about the English
42、books in middle school, you can find many acronyms such as UK, NBA, and UFO and so on. Obviously it is hard for students to remember such long words, and acronyms can help them to deal with this problem. So this is a good way to improve students memory and enrich their vocabulary. And I think there
43、are two kinds of acronyms. They are:(1) Abbreviations Abbreviation is made up of the first letter or the first two or three letters of a word. Such as:AlAluminum amp.amperediamdiameter Jan.JanuaryIDidentification adj.adjectiveAnd abbreviation also can be composed of the first letter and the last let
44、ter, sometimes adds the middle letter. For example:TVtelevision kgkilogram tbtuberculosis deptdepartment(2) The initial letterThis kind of abbreviation is formed of the first letter of every word. Students can not remember some associations names and some countries whole names; the initial letter ca
45、n help them to deal with it. Thats also a good skill of enriching ones vocabulary. For example:UNESCOUnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural OrganizationBCBefore ChristNBANational Basketball AssociationUKUnited KingdomU-boatundersea boat3.3 Comparison3.3.1 The comparison between synonymsC
46、omparison means when teachers are teaching a word, they try to make a comparison between its synonyms or antonyms. This is a good way to attract students attention, and help them remember the new word and at the same time learn more related words. Sometimes examples are necessary to been given. It i
47、s good for analyzing these new words and easy for students to understand and accept.Synonyms mean those words which have the same meaning. But not absolutely the same, they have some small differences. For example, in Grade 7, students will learn the word “smart”. When teachers are teaching it, they
48、 can teach them “clever” and “bright” at the same time. And then students learn three new words and they can use them alternately. Thats actually a good way to enlarge students vocabulary in middle school. Here is a list of synonym pairs appear in middle schools English book. nearcloselookseesayspeakalsotoodutyresponsibleafraidterrifyreplyanswerrightcorrect3.3.2 The comparison between antonymsAnother comparison is that between antonyms. “Antonymy, though often unders