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1、期末考试题型：1. True/ False: (10%), 10题2. Blank filling: (10%) 10个空3. Definition of the terms: (20%) 5题4. Questions: (15%) 5题5. Summary of stories：(30%), 传说故事，名人介绍、名著故事各一个80字左右。6. Translation: (15%): a. Translation of the useful expressions (10%) b. Translation of the paragraph (5%)T or F QuestionsChapter
2、 One1. China is situated in the continent of East Asia and located in relatively enclosed geographical surroundings.2. The terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, which form the valleys of Liaohe River, Yellow River, Yangtze River and Pearl River.3. Chinese economic structure has u
3、ndergone a process of change from the ancient pattern composed mainly of agriculture to that of technology in a modern industrial society.4. The small-scale peasant economy was in the leading position in ancient China.5. The main-stream of the ancient Chinese culture was based on the agricultural ci
4、vilization.6. Agriculture was fundamental to the development of ancient China, shaping the political system and ideology.7. The peasant problem has been a concern for the rulers and government throughout the ages in China.8. The culture collision and assimilation between Yi and Xia laid a foundation
5、 for Chinas ancient civilization.9. The dynasties of Xia, Shang and Western Zhou are historically called “Three Dynasties”.10. The unified patriarchal state was formed and developed during “Three Dynasties”.11. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius broke the notion that education occ
6、urred nowhere but in the family of officials.12. Confucius put forward the ideology to integrate “rites” and “benevolence”, opening up a new prospect in the Chinese culture.12. In the Spring and Autumn Period, China entered the Iron Age, therefore the economy developed by leaps and bounds in the War
7、ring States Period.13. The unitary multinational feudal empire was founded during the Qin-Han periods.14. The State Qin united China, establishing the first centralized feudal autocratic dynasty in Chinese history.15. The Legalist School was revered and the system of court academician was initiated
8、in Qin Dynasty.16. The system of court academician during Qin Dynasty united the Legalist ideology, classical Taoist thinking and Confucianism.17. Emperor Wudi paid supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all other schools of thought.18. In the Han Dynasty the native religion called Taoism cam
9、e into being.19. Emperor Wudi in Han dynasty sent the ambassador Zhuang Qian to western regions to form a coalition with the states there; the later one opened the Silk Road.20. During the Western Han and the Eastern Han dynasties, Buddhism from India was brought into China.21. Buddhism monasteries
10、first appeared in China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.22. Buddhism began to spread and flourish in the Wei-Jin period, when Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Datong Yangang Grottoes and Luoyang Longmen Grottoes were dug.23. The sovereigns tolerance of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism was helpful for
11、 the three branches to assimilate and merge with each other during the Sui-Tang period.24. The Neo-Confucianism was developed by combining Confucianism with Buddhism and Taoism.25. The scroll of painting entitled “The Festival of Pure Brightness on the River” presented a vivid panorama of the town l
12、ife in Song Dynasty.26. The introduction of Western Learning to China became an important phenomenon in the late Ming and the Qing Dynasties.27. The rational world outlook of the Chinese is to seek for harmony and maintaining equilibrium.28. The Chinese have an innate immunity to religion, mostly be
13、lieving in pragmatism.29. The Chinese profess a religion occasionally, which is confined to averting calamities and praying for blessings.30. The spiritual life aspired by the Chinese was that of “sincerity, integrity and intellectual cultivation.31. The realistic life Chinese people were after was
14、to keep your family in order, govern the state effectively and bring peace to the world.32. The initial idea of harmony of man with nature emphasized the harmony and the inseparable relationship between man and nature.33. In Confucianism “heaven” means the moralization of personality, which indicate
15、s sublime morality and spirit.34. In Taoism “heaven” means the naturalization of personality, being a pristine and natural spirit in its original state.35. The golden mean stresses the unity of opposites; it is for the impartial and mild but against the extreme.36. The ultimate motive in seeking for
16、 harmony and maintaining equilibrium is to maintain stability.37. Chinas ancient society was patriarchal in nature, in which human relations were given priority.38. The culture based on human relations held as essential the blood relationships, and highlighted peoples social status.39. Traditional C
17、hinese values attached great importance to collective interest.40. The Chinese value of collectivism was cultivated by the forceful tie of the patriarchal relations and culture of ideology and institution.41. Uniformity was considered apotheosis, whereas unconventionality, heterodoxy, in ancient Chi
18、na.42. The function of dialectical thinking lay in its “appropriateness in time and place and flexibility in tactics in its pursuit of dynamic balance.43. The Western philosophy followed the methodology of classification, while the Chinese are apt to grasp and understand the world as a whole44. The
19、Chinese believe that the world is an indivisible unity and emphasize the universal relationship, interdependence and interaction between things.45. The traditional Chinese culture worshiped the sages and men of virtue and kept a blind faith in the classics.46. The study of Confucian classics was the
20、 classical lore to make notes and commentaries on ancient texts.47. The study of Confucian classics might bind peoples creative aspiration, providing the excuse for suppression of original ideas.48. Both the dialectical thinking and the thinking in the mode of Confucius classics study are an intuiti
21、ve and empirical way of thinking. They lay stress on the analogy based on experience without logical reasoning, theoretical induction or deduction.49. Confucianism and Taoism are the principal parts of ancient Chinese thought.50. Buddhism is aimed to find out the causes of human sufferings in the ho
22、pe of being detached from the earthly world.51. Buddhism began, from the first day of its introduction, to be naturalized or localized, which was a process basically shaped or perfected during the Sui and Tang dynasties.52. The greatest advantage of Confucian studies lies in its reliance on traditio
23、nal Chinese culture represented by The Five Classics.53. Confucianism is keen to understand the nature of the patriarchal society in ancient China, and the defense of this patriarchal culture then.54. The core of the Confucian ideology is propriety and benevolence.55. Propriety refers to the habits
24、and institutions of the Western Zhou Dynasty.56. The functions of propriety are to differentiate people according to blood relationship to determine the social status of each individual and to emphasize the ties of blood to intensify the cohesive force between the state and the family.57. Mencius ad
25、vanced the theory of original goodness of human nature as the ethical basis.58. Mencius put forward a theory of self-cultivation, that is, self-examination or self-reflection.59. Mencius held that people were the foundation of the state, namely “people come first, the state comes second, and the kin
26、g third”/ “People are primary, the country secondary and the monarch tertiary”.60. One of the famous sayings of Mencius is that “neither riches nor honors can corrupt him; neither poverty nor lowly position can make him swerve from principle; neither threats nor force can bend him.”61. Xun Zi is a r
27、epresentative of Confucianism in the late Warring States Period, developing Confucianism into a new theory of “law and discipline rite”.62. Xun Zi supposed that every man is evil by nature and proposed that human nature be changed with the aid of external forces or norms and role models, stressing s
28、ystem and discipline.63. Xun Zi said “the king is the boat while his subjects are the water. The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it.”64. Lao Zi holds that the basic nature of Tao is naturalness and inaction.65. Lao Zis Tao discouraged rulers from using social rituals and punishme
29、nt or humanity, justice and morality.66. Lao Zis thought as well as Zhou Yi is the source of ancient speculative thinking.67. The Huang-Lao Thought is a system, named after Huangdi and based on Lao Zis thought, incorporating the merits of all schools.68. The Huang-Lao Thought mainly inherits the pol
30、itical aspect of the Thought of Lao Zi, while the Thought of Zhuang Zi inherits the outlook on life in the Thought of Lao Zi.69. The focus in Zhuang Zis Thought is to free oneself from the worldly problems, to seek spiritual freedom and an independent personality.70. Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty
31、 put forward the idea of political unity and ideological unity, stressing the rule of virtue instead of the rule of punishment.71. Dong Zhongshu propounded the Three Cardinal Guides (ruler guides subjects, father guides son and husband guides wife) and Five Constant Virtues (benevolence, righteousne
32、ss, propriety, knowledge and sincerity).72. Buddhism is a religious system and philosophy of life, aiming at spiritual emancipation.73. Buddhism believes that life is empty and life is bitter, and their goal is to detach themselves from reality.74. The process of transforming Buddhism and integratin
33、g it into the Chinese culture took about 500 years from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties.75. Compared with the methodologies of traditional Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty aimed at “a critical interpretation of the Classics” and their arguments or propositions
34、.Chapter Five1. The Four Books and The Five Classics are a must for ancient scholars to pass the imperial competitive examination to become government officials.2. The Great Learning was written in the early Han Dynasty.3. The Great Learning is about the cultivation of ones moral character and the w
35、isdoms of governing a country 4. The Doctrine of the Mean is another essay in The Book of Rites, a sister chapter to The Great Learning.5. The Doctrine of the Mean is about the Confucian philosophy of life6. The Confucian Analects is a collection of the saying and teachings of Confucius and his disc
36、iples.7. The Confucian Analects is complied in the early Warring States Period, over 70 years after the death of Confucius8. The present-day Analects is based on the Lu version, which embodies the Confucian concept of benevolence, whose core is “the benevolent loves others” or universal love.9. Ren
37、comes from learning and self-cultivation; it can be seen from a persons appearance.10. Ren is the No.1 principle of being a decent man, and is the essence of li and yue.11. The Works of Mencius, polished and finalized by Mencius himself, is a collection of anecdotes about the teachings of Master Men
38、g Ke.12. While Confucius advocated “killing oneself for ren (humanity)”, Mencius encouraged “killing oneself for yi (righteousness)”.13. The Book of Poetry comprises 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.14. Regarding the compilation
39、 of the book, The Book of Poetry has three versions: collecting of folk songs, gleaning of congratulatory poems and the selection of the poem by Confucius.15. According to the musical criteria, The Book of Poetry falls into three categories: feng or folk songs, ya or odes, and song or hymns.16. Ya i
40、n The Book of Poetry refers to odes, regular music, traditionally sung at court festivities ceremonies, banquets and other solemn occasions.17. Song in The Book of Poetry is dance music sung at sacrifices of ancestral spirits of the royal house.18. The Book of Poetry follows three techniques of expr
41、essions: fu (poems with a straightforward narrative content), bi (poems with explicit comparisons), and xing (poems based on implied comparisons).19. The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China.20. The Book of History is a collection of the official documents form
42、 the Yin and the Shang dynasties to the Western Zhou Dynasty.21. In The Book of History, The Book of Yu and The Book of Xia are written according to anecdotes, and The Book of Shang and The Book of Zhou are comparatively reliable.22. The Bookthe of History is the source of narrative writing in China
43、.23. The Book of Rites mainly discusses the principle of conduct of the scholar-bureaucrats. 24. The Spring and Autumn Annals is a canonical book of the history, which consists of three Commentaries: the Commentary of Zuo focuses on history; the Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on co
44、mments on historical events.25. The Book of Changes is a book used for divination, consisting of symbols or symbolic hexagrams and lexicological commentaries.26. Yin and Yang are two basic symbols, representing the universe and the human world.27. The Book of Changes is a philosophical work, putting
45、 forward an ontological theory: from taiji come the two primary forcesyin and yang, from which the four images, and from which the eight trigrams.28. The Book of Changes explains the internal cause of changes and transformations, discusses the transformation of a contradiction and expounds the trini
46、ty or union of Heaven, Earth, and Man.29. Beijing Opera emerged in Qing Dynasty, when Kun opera was gradually on the wane because it was only enjoyed by the nobles in the royal court, not the general public. 30. Beijing Opera is a treasure of the Chinese nation as well as a cultural symbol of China.
47、31. According to the time of the story, Beijing Opera falls into traditional operas, costume operas, new or contemporary operas and modern operas.32. According to the performance style, Beijing Opera can be divided into civil pieces and martial ones.33. According to the duration of time, Beijing Ope
48、ra can be classified into ben xi (a whole play) and zhezi xi (an act or the highlight of a play).34. According to the number of characters in a play, Beijing Opera can be grouped into duixi or playing involving only two major characters and qun xi or play involving many characters.35. The roles of B
49、eijing Opera are classified into four major roles, namely sheng(male), dan (female), jing (painted face) and chou (clown).36. The players in xiao ge ban were basically male farmers who were fond of operas.37. The players in Yue Opera are mostly female, and in some troupes all the players are female.38. Chinese figure painting is