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1、摘要：本文拟在提出一种可以区分protocol指纹识别的方法，用帧描述指纹识别代替建立帧系统获得主机信息与系统配对从而分辨出主机操作系统的类别。实验的结果表明这种方法能够有效的辨别操作系统，这一方法比其他例如nmap 和 xprobe的系统更为隐秘。关键词：传输控制）协议/ 协议 指纹识别 操作系统辨别远程主机的操作系统，这是一个很重要的领域。了解主机操作系统可以分析和获取一些信息，例如记忆管理，CPU的类型。这些信息对于计算机网络的攻击与防御非常重要。主要的辨别是通过TCP/IP指纹识别来完成的。几乎所有的操作系统的定制他们自己的协议栈都通过以下的RFC。这种情况导致一个实例，每个协议栈会有
2、细节上的不同。这些不同的细节就是所知道的使辨别操作系统称为可能的指纹识别。Nmap、Queso在传输层里使用指纹。他们将特殊数据包发送到目标并分析返回的数据包，在指纹库中寻找配对的指纹，以便得到的结果。指纹库中的信息受指定的探测信息的影响.很难区分类似的操作系统（例如：windows98/2000/xp）Xprobe主要是利用ICMP协议，这是利用五种包来识别操作系统。它能够提供的在所有可能的情况下确实是操作系统的概率。主要不足是它过分依赖ICMP协议议定书。SYNSCAN是在应用协议中与目标主机联系时，使用的一些典型的指纹识别方法。指纹库对在这个领域有限制。Ring， Ttbit查明操作系统
3、所使用TCP / IP 的性能特点。因为这种性能受网络环境极大。其结果往往是不完全确定的。文献分析资料中的行动而获得的拦截（如一些同步的要求，一个封闭的端口如何响应连接请求） 。虽然这种方式是有效，它在少数特定操作系统区分上述的各种系统，都没有完整的描述指纹系统，引起他们进行分辨的主要是依靠部分的TCP/IP。这篇文章的目的就是要简绍一种新的方法来解决这些问题。它们都被吓跑的方式来描述指纹的OS integrallty ，造成诉讼程序的确定只能依靠部分TCP / IP协议。本文提出了一种新的方法来解决这一问题：它是指纹操作系统，是通过利用科技来获取一些信息，获取的信息的一些技术，查明操作系统。
4、第二章我们提出一些基本的方法的概念，第三章 用帧技术来提出描述和匹配协定指纹，第四章，是完成这种方法的算法，第五部分，利用实验来验证他的有效有效性并分析结果最后第六部分是总结全文，及未来的发展方向。该程序是为了获取信息，提取指纹和匹配的指纹库里的记录，以便知道类型。本节确定获取信息的方法，采取的做法和通信的状况，还区分指纹。这些工作为下一节如何建立一个帧系统来识别指纹做好准备要插入“表”或“数字” ，请粘贴下文所述数据。所有表格和数字必须使用连续数字（ 1 ， 2 ， 3等） ，并有一个标题放在下面的数字（ “ FigCaption ” ）或在表的上面（ “ FigTalbe ” ）用8pt字
5、体和从风格兰中下拉菜单中的类别中选择指定的样式“标题”。在本文中，我们提出了一个方法，以确定操作系统的远程主机。该方法使用帧技术来识别指纹，弥补探针和监控获得的信息和从资料中摘取信息来与指纹库中的匹配，最后识别操作系统。通过实验，该方法与nmap and xprobe. 相比，能准确识别远程的主机的操作系统。在未来，我们计划为每个种操作系统汇编更多的指纹，使算法（规则系统）将更加智能化，以提高识别的精度（准确性）。This paper present a method that classify the fingerprint of protocol（电脑之间通信与资料传送所遵守的规则）, u
6、se the frame to describe the fingerprint in order to create the frame system, get the information of host（主机） to match the system to identify the type of OS in remote host. Result from experimental（实验性的）appears that this method can identify the OS effectively, the action of is more secretly than oth
7、er systems such as nmap and xprobe （x-probe：X探针）.Key words: TCP/IP Fingerprint OSIt is an important field that identify what OS in remote host. Mastering the OS can analyse and acquire some information such as memory management、the kind of CPU. These information is important for computer network att
8、ack and computer network defense.The main way to identify is through the TCP/IP fingerprint to finish. Nearly all kind of OS customize（定制） their owns protocol stack by following the RFC. This instance cause the fact that every protocol stack has some different details during implementing. These deta
9、ils are known as fingerprint which make it possible to identify the OS .Nmap、Queso1 use the fingerprint in transport layer. They send the particular packets to the target and analyse the retured packets, matching the fingerprint in the fingerprint warehouse in order to get the result. The informatio
10、n in the warehouse is affected by the specified message for probing. It hardly to distinguish the similar OS (eg.windows98/2000/xp).Xprobe2 mainly use the ICMP which make use of five kinds of packets in ICMP to identify OS. It can give the probability of all possible situation which maybe the indeed
11、 OS. The main shortage is it excessively depend on ICMP Protocol.SYNSCAN3 use some typical fields fingerprint to identify when it communicaties with target host in application protocol. The warehouse of fingerprint have limited types of field. Ring 、Ttbit56 identify the OS using the performance char
12、acter of TCP/IP. Because this kind of character is affected by network environment greatly. The result is often not exactly.Literature7 analysis the action in messages which are acquired through interception(eg. The number of SYN request, a closed port how to response a connection request).Although
13、this way is availability, it only distinguish a few given OSAbove all the kinds of system, they all be scare of a way to describe the fingerprint of OS integrallty, which cause the proceeding of identify only depend on a part of TCP/IP . This paper propose a new method to resolve the problem: it uni
14、formly the fingerprint of OS, acquire the message by some technology, identify the OS at last. The rest of the paper is organized as followed: Section we present based concept of this method. Section present how to describe and match the protocol fingerprint using frame technology. Section present a
15、n algorithm to implement the method and Section use experiment to validate its effectiveness and analysis the result. Finally Section present the concluding remark and possible future work.The proceeding of identify is to acquire message, extract the fingerprint and match the record of fingerprint w
16、arehouse, in order to know the type. This section define the measure which are to acquire message, the action and status of communication, also classify the fingerprint. These work are all prepared for the next section which how to built a frame system describing the fingerprint.To insert “Tables” o
17、r “Figures”, please paste the data as stated below. All tables and figures must be given sequential numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) and have a caption placed below the figure (“FigCaption”) or above the table(“FigTalbe”) being described, using 8pt font and please make use of the specified style “caption” fr
18、om the drop-down menu of style categoriesConclusionIn this paper, we have presented a method for identifying OS of remote host. The method use frame technology to express the fingerprint, make up of Probe and Monitor to get message and abstract the information from the message to match the warehouse
19、 of fingerprint, identify the OS at last. Through experiment, this method can exactly identify the OS of remote hose with more secretly and less number of packets comparing with nmap and xprobe. In the future, we plan to collect more fingerprint for each kind of OS, make the algorithm(规则系统) to be mo
20、re intelligent, in order to improve the precision(准确性) of identify.无论是日本媒体的打算激发一种民族自强不息的人，或者是美国媒体进一步宣扬 “中国威胁论”总之，最近，一些外国媒体一直鼓吹中国已经成为“世界工厂” 。这样的“鼓吹”看起来并不是空穴来风，并不是可笑的。然而可靠的数据足以让我们“沾沾自喜”中国制造已经深入了世界每个角落，仅仅2001年中国的出口总额就达到了2660个亿，其中90%属于制造产品，同时，有80%的世界500强的跨国公司进入令人中国市场，外商投资的390000个公司在中国开始运营，中国成为世界第二大外资直接投
21、资的地方。陈兴东作为法国百富勤在中国的主席， 在 7月28日世界工业发展大会以及中国经济展望的大会上说：中国成为世界第四大的工业产品生产中心。现在在国外有一个很时髦的说法：“走，去中国，分享中国发展的果实“。然而，经叔平，副主席全国委员会中国人民政治协商会议（政协）和主席的中华全国工商联指出。国外媒体的说法是有一点夸张过于的，他认为并没有那么的理想，这些是可以用很多有力的数据证实的，在过去的19世纪60年代英国被称为是世界工厂，他的世界工业产品输出量达到了世界总数的20%那是中国只占世界总数的50%。同时，英国生产了占世界53%的铁和50%的煤。在2001年，在中国出口普通煤铁的价值40亿美元
22、但是同时他进口了97亿的优质和特殊的煤铁产品，贸易赤字达到57亿，在2001年，在世界500强的企业中中国有11家企业，但没有一家企业是制造型企业， 是什么让我们在吃睡的时候感到不安呢？是因为我们的企业很少有质量优势，都是低质量的产品在全球的工业产业链中，中国处于中等偏下的水平。中国企业大多是采用OEM的制造方式。在中国前200强的企业中，有74%的出口贸易额是通过加工贸易实现的。因此在最近的学术讨论大会上，前瞻性的判断以及企业家感觉，中国还不是世界工厂。全国政协副主席陈金华在大会上说世界工厂的顺序是英国，美国 日本 。我认为根据全球优势的的判断，有质量和竞争力的制造业是自动化核心技术。中国与
23、先进的国家相比还有很长的路要走。当然，我们渴望成为一个“世界工厂” ，这不仅是因为我国的现代化建设离不开强大的制造业，更重要的是，这个行业提供了一个最好的机会来解决转移我国农村剩余劳动力。据高尚全我国经济体制改革研究所主席，我国成为世界工厂的间接意义超越其直接的意义，他指的恰恰是我国的3月从传统的农业国的几千岁至一个工业化国家。然后，将中国成为“世界工厂” ？ 目前，我国已具备了有利的条件成为了“世界工厂” 。我们集中精力，发挥我国的比较优势，”在未来10-20年。我国有可能成为“世界工厂”。我国最大的比较优势是其庞大的特遣队的劳动力和廉价的劳动力成本。巴黎的法国公司预测，在未来的二十年里，中
24、国将能够维持一个强大的劳动力队伍，大量的新增劳动力就足以控制劳动成本处于低水平。虽然大学生的比例还是相对较低的。在2000年初中文化程度占总人口的48.7%。随着不断增加教育支出，年轻人受教育的水平将会增加。此外，我国经济的高速增长创造了有利的投资环境。最近，大量的外国商界人士已建立了研究开发中心在中国，中国预计将成为“世界实验室” ，同时，外国企业加强了在华采购力，建立零部件生产和购买网络。消息人士说，通用电气，惠普，戴尔，柯达公司和其他跨国公司最近宣布，他们打算设立采购中心在中国。 专家与深圳综合开发研究院说，这一概念的“世界工厂”是很不同于前，它不再是一些国家孤军作战，而是许多国家走到一
25、起，做一个“世界工厂“ 。 此外，在信息时代是 “世界工厂“的主要特征与工业时代是不同的，这是由于信息技术革命，它关系到延长和扩大世界工厂的时代工业化。但不同与工业化时代的世界工厂，在信息化时代的世界工厂并不是意味着国家全部制造能力，他更像一个世界工厂的商店，在世界工厂国家的整体制造能力。在信息化时代，一个“世界工厂”不是完全基于培养国内市场，而是它的全球网络生产和网络购买的功能，是一种根据要求的加工性的制造业。与此同时，在“世界工厂”时代的信息化和科技创新中心似乎是独立的，相互借鉴，形成一个新的一体化趋势和建立一个网络研究和开发中心，并建立一个跨国公司的全球生产和发展的中心系统并加快了这一进
26、程的分离。 立足新的信息化时代的理解，专家认为，在成为世界工厂的过程中” ，中方有条件，成为双重性质的世界工厂：一方面，中国为突出体现了自己特点方面，传统的制造业，另一方面，它已经历了信息技术和高科技产品的快速发展。 事实上，中国有巨大的消费市场不容忽视。 目前专家们认为最有希望，成为“世界工厂” 的地区是珠江河和长江三角洲与集中工业，而核心力量非政府组织和外国投资。 然而，有关的问题，是中方能否成为一个“世界工厂”和它是否能够成为“世界工厂”的结论，毕竟，不能通过研究，讨论和分析而得到。正如信息中心和国家经贸委的汪中溟主任，在东道国最近的大会上，他总结说，一个“世界工厂”是将我们这个时代和社
27、会的力量发展成一种历史。您是否希望，历史总是固执地表达其意愿，如果世界工厂来，没有人可以阻止它。许多人们相信经过20多年的市场经济改革和对外开放，中国能成为世界工厂，这是由日本对外贸易会首次提出来的，但是，一些人却认为中国目前仅仅是世界加工厂。中国生产高技术含量的能力还不是那么的强，全球的竞争力还不高，中国目前只是一个来料加工而不是所谓的制造中心。这是由现有的制造水平决定的。中国与世界先进的制造水平还存在着巨大的差距，包括经济实力，质量和制造领域的竞争力，特别是核心科技的比例。事实上中国的制造业很大程度上集中于劳动密集型，简单的加工和组装，中国目前是世界供应链的重要组成部分，是世界最大的纺织品
28、，电话，彩电，及微波炉的制造商，跨国公司在中国建立了生产基地，仅仅上海就是世界多家跨国公司的主要投资基地，中国面临的挑战并不是要成为世界供应链的一部分，而是要改变他供应链的价值，在世界市场上，中国临近的国家正敬畏与崇拜着中国正在进入没有挑战地位的世界工厂。汪中盟说建立一个世界工厂是一个历史的过程，以及一个复杂的系统工程。许多专家一致认为，目前中国仍然不是一个“世界工厂” ，我们需要做许多准备工作，其中涉及的问题有关的财产权利，所有权，技术进步，管理和改善劳动者的素质。该系统的项目有许多触角，有着广泛的联系，并涉及各个方面，这也是注定是把世界工厂变成现实我国不能一蹴而就。本文摘译自Beijing
29、 time2002年2月 Whether Or Not China Has Become a World FactoryAbstact: In fact, much of manufacturing in China is heavily concentrated on labor intensive, China today is a vital part of the global supply chain simple processing and assembly operations challenge for China now is not just to be a part o
30、f the global supply chain, but to move up the value chain as well.Key words ：industry manufacture technology world factoryBe it is that the media of Japan intend to inspire a sense of national self-improvement in its people, or that the US media further play up the “theory of China threat” as raised
31、 by some Americans, in short, recently, some foreign media have all along been preaching that China has become a “world factory”. It seems that this kind of “preaching” is not wind coming from hollow cave-being not a groundless rumor, perhaps reliable data are enough to make us “feel complacent”: “C
32、hina-made” products have penetrated into every corner of the world, in 2001 alone, the volume of Chinas export commodities reached US$266 billion, of which 90 percent belonged to industrial manufactured products. At the same time, 80 percent of the world top 500 transnational enterprises have entere
33、d China, 390,000 foreign-funded enterprises have been operating in China, China has leapt to second place in the world in the absorption of foreign direct investment. China has become the worlds fourth largest manufacturing industrial center, said Chen Xingdong, chief representative of French Peregr
34、ine in China, at the Forum on the Development of the World Manufacturing Industry and the Outlook of Chinas Economy concluded on July 28, currently there is a fashionable word abroad-go to China, share the fruit of Chinas development. However, Jing Shuping, vice-chairman of the National Committee of
35、 the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, indicated in response to the preaching of foreign media, “I think their preaching is a bit too exaggerated”. What he said was not imagination, but was supported by most c
36、onvincing data. During and after the 60s of the 19th century, Britain was the “world factory”, with the proportion of its manufacturing industrial output value reaching 20 percent of the world total, while that of China at present is only 5 percent of the world total; at that time, Britain produced
37、53 percent of the worlds iron and 50 percent of coal, while in 2000, Chinas export of ordinary steel and iron was worth US$4 billion, while at the same time it had to import US$9.7 billion worth of fine-quality and special steel and iron, with trade deficit reaching US$5.7 billion; in 2001, in the p
38、lacing of the world top 500 enterprises, 11 were Chinese enterprises without a single one being manufacturing enterprises. What made one feel more uneasy even when eating and sleeping was that Chinas manufacturing enterprises were not only few in quantity but poor in quality. In the production chain
39、 of global manufacturing industries, Chinese enterprises are swaying on the middle and low sides. Chinese enterprises mostly adopt the OEM manufacturing method, around 74 percent of the export value of 200 top Chinese foreign trade enterprises are registered through the method of processing trade. T
40、herefore, at the recent forum, scholars, based on their forward-looking judgment and entrepreneurs, based on their sensitivity, came to a sober-minded conclusion: Currently, China is still not a “world factory”. Vice-Chairman Chen Jin hua of the CPPCC National Committee said at the forum, in the his
41、tory of world economy, countries called the world factory coming in order, were Britain, the United States and Japan, “in my opinion, judged by comprehensive national strength, the quality and competitive capability of the manufacturing industry, particularly the possession of automatic core technol
42、ogies, China, compared with advanced industrial countries, still has a long way to go.”Of course, we are longing to become a “world factory”, this is not only because Chinas modernization cannot be achieved without a strong manufacturing industry, what is more, this industry provides a best opportun
43、ity for solving the transfer of Chinas surplus rural labor force. According to Gao Shangquan, president of the China Economic Restructuring Research Institute, the indirect significance of Chinas becoming a world factory outdoes its direct significance, what he refers to precisely is Chinas march fr
44、om a traditional agricultural country。of several thousand years old to an industrialized country. Then, will China become a “world factory”? At present, China has possessed the favorable conditions for making a “world factory”. Concentrating our energy to give play to Chinas comparative advantages w
45、ill make it possible for the country to become a “world factory” in the next 10-20 years. Chinas biggest comparative advantages are its mammoth contingent of labor power and cheap labor cost. The Paris Company of France predicts that in the coming two decades, China will be able to maintain a strong
46、 contingent of labor force, the large quantity of newly added labor power is enough to control the labor cost at a low level. Although the proportion of Chins university students is relatively low, people with a secondary school education made up 48.7 percent of the total population in 2000, along w
47、ith the steady increase in education expenditure, the education level of the younger generation will further rise. In addition, Chinas high economic growth has created a favorable investment environment. Recently, large numbers of foreign business people have set up research and development centers
48、in China, China is expected to become a “world laboratory”, at the same time, foreign enterprises have intensified their procurement efforts in China, setting up parts and components production and purchase networks. Sources say that the General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Kodak and other transnational corporations have recently declared their intention to establish purchasing centers in China. Experts with the Shenzhen Comprehensive Development Research Institute said that the concept of “world factory” is quite different from what it was before, it is no longer some