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1、摘 要所谓美国黑人，是历史上被欧洲殖民者劫运到美国的非洲黑人奴隶的后裔，又称非洲裔美国人。属尼格罗人种。其中23为黑白混血种人。通用英语。美国黑人在历史上起过重要作用，他们积极参加美国独立战争和反法西斯战争，屡立战功。对发展美国的经济文化也作出了很大贡献，他们一直是美国农业的主要力量；在钢铁工业中黑人工人约占13，在汽车工业中约占半数；在音乐、文艺、体育方面，黑人的成就更为显著。本文主要从称谓，政治，经济，黑人英语，以及文化等方面来研究美国黑人在历史上角色的演变，充分考察了美国历史文化，选取在各个领域最有代表的美国黑人以及对美国黑人地位演变有着巨大推动作用的人物，从正面和侧面来证明如下结论：美
2、国黑人从奴隶到总统这漫长的历史中，在实现族种平等摆脱奴隶制度的艰难过程中，付出了血与泪的代价；美国黑人角色的演变和地位的提高标志着美国民主制度的逐步完善。推而广之，一个种族，一类群体要想在其所属的领域占有一席之地，有所建树，是要从各个方面来提升自己并拼搏的，即中国古语所说的文武双全；反之，要看一个种族，一类群体是否在其所属的领域地位和角色有所提升，是要从各个方面考察的。总之，道路是曲折的，可是，前途却是光明的。关键词: 奴隶制度 美国黑人 角色演变 ABSTRACTAfrican-Americans are persons from America who are members of a r
3、ace of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa. They were transported to the United States by European colonizers and called African, Negro, Colored, and Black in history. The original role of the African Americans in American society is African slaves. Though they lived in poor accommodat
4、ions and lacked adequate food, they made a very positive contribution to American society in history.（Pollard, 2004）This study is mainly concerns on the evolution of African-Americans role-play in American society from the following aspects: appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature,
5、 etc; this study is through great information about American history and culture, conspicuous representatives from respective field to analyzing African-Americans evolutionary roles in detail directly or indirectly.From this paper, some conclusions can be drawn. In the process of slipping slavery, f
6、ulfilling racial equality, improving American democratic system, African-Americans play a significant role in American society. They deserve a higher status in American society after all that life-long hard work with terrible cost of the revolution in death and suffering.Through analyzing that, get
7、a deeper conclusion that it need all-round promotion in improving the role of some group of weak race or minority in society though bleeding and difficult it may be. We should respect them. Their experiences prove that process is winding, and future is promising.Key word: Slavery African American Ev
8、olutionary Role 目 录1.引言11.1 美国黑人的定义21.2 美国黑人的原始角色及概况21.3 制约美国黑人发展的因素32从称谓变化看美国黑人的角色演变42.1 非洲人42.2 有色人42.3 尼格罗52.4 黑人52.5 非洲裔美国人63从政治和经济角度看美国黑人角色演变83.1 亚伯拉罕林肯的解放黑人奴隶宣言83.2 马丁路德金的我有一个梦想123.3 芭芭拉乔丹的正义之声143.4 贝拉克奥巴马的“是的，我们可以”163.5 美国黑人对经济所做出的贡献204从黑人英语看美国黑人角色演变214.1 黑人英语概述214.2 黑人英语的起源214.3 黑人英语的地位245从文
9、化角度看美国黑人角色演变255.1 音乐255.2 体育275.3 文学27结论29致谢30参考文献30CONTENTS1.Introduction11.1 The Definition of African Americans21.2 The Original Role of African Americans21.3 The Main Factors that shape African Americans32 The Evolution in Appellation42.1 African42.2 Colored42.3 Negro52.4 Black52.5 African Ameri
10、can63 The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in Politics and Economy83.1 Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation83.2 Martin Luther King and I Have a Dream123.3 Barbara Jordan and Her Voice for Justice143.4 Barack Obama and Yes We Can173.5 African Americans Contribution to Economy204 Black Eng
11、lish224.1 Introduction of Black English224.2 The Historical Origins of Black English224.3 The Role of Black English255 The Evolution of Aframericans Roles in Culture265.1 Music265.2 Sports285.3 Literature28Conclusion30Acknowledgements31Bibliography32Opinions and suggestions on the partys mass line e
12、ducational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee about carrying out the partys mass line educational practice activity in the citys implementation opinions, the spirit of the partys mass line educational practice activit
13、ies from 20* in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall
14、requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Ce
15、ntral Committee really, opinions and advice , party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of for the people pragmatic honest peo
16、ple as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and The opposition party and gov
17、ernment austerity waste regulations , double section provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the twelve plan and the implementation measures for on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formali
18、sm, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close
19、, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational
20、practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and bra
21、nches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, se
22、rvice industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and
23、 the partys education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the proble
24、m, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty i
25、s not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the countys education practice is to seize against four wind this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantag
26、es of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat,
27、 take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the four
28、winds outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in image project, political project, a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there ar
29、e countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly
30、face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment ri
31、sk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence an
32、d coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden th
33、eir horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, exa
34、mination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the man
35、agement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of th
36、e market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, s
37、tructure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of in
38、dustrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.291. IntroductionThe Main Factors that shape African Americans was their cultural differences from t
39、he European Americans excluded them from equal participation in American society through formal and informal barriers and their historical circumstances.(Robertson,1986) So the original role of African-American was very low. They were not allowed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since th
40、ey were not allowed to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African culture and language completely. They worked long days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of the rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommoda
41、tions and lacked adequate food.（Pollard, 2004）Slavery was outlawed in 1780 in the northern states. At the end of the US Civil War (1865), slavery was abolished everywhere in the United States. Legal segregation slowly ended, beginning with President Trumans directive (1948) to en segregation in the
42、US military and the US Supreme Court decision (1954) in the case of Brown vs. the Broad of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr. finally desegregated the South in the 1960s. The Civil Rights Act (1964-1965) integrated minorities, women and other disadv
43、antaged people into the work force. In spite of these laws and Affirmative Action which gives preferential treatment to women and minorities, discrimination in employment and housing still exists. By the 1990s more educational and employment opportunities for African Americans and other minorities b
44、ecame available. However, because Affirmative Action has been controversial since its inception, it has been challenged and eliminated in some states.（Almes，2004）A large segment of the Black African-American population was trapped in ghettoes, areas in a city where minority groups lived, often becau
45、se of pressure from the majority group. Unemployment, poverty, infant mortality, and a lower status in society were common in ghettoes. As members of an underclass since the days of slavery, only a limited number of educated Blacks enjoyed the moderate economic gains between the 1970s and 1990s.This
46、 paper will first concern on the background of the African Americans, and then make an analysis the changing of the roles from several aspects, such as politics, economy, and appellation, language, etc. Then listing the changing roles during the long process, at last gives a conclusion of the evolut
47、ion of African Americans roles from analysis and comparison.The African-American is a particular group in America. Racial discrimination is a particular phenomenon in American society. Slavery is a particular system in American history. It deserves study.This paper gives the specific details that Af
48、rican Americans role-play in America from five aspects, such as appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature. Maybe there are something that not so thoughtful or accurate. Please give your previous suggestions.1.1 The Definition of African AmericansWhat is the meaning of African-American? Macroscopically speaking, African-American is a person from America who is a member of a race of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa. Microcosmically speaking, African-Americans are also called Afro-Americans or Afromericans, which were transpo