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1、Structure Features and Rhetorical Devices of English Newspaper Headlines Abstract: With the development of mass media, newspaper is one of the major media for us to get information all over the world. Nowadays English newspaper is very popular and read all over Chine. However, many people still have
2、 difficulty in understanding English newspaper headlines even for some English majors. This is because English newspaper headlines have their own special features, culture backgrounds and different from the daily English we used in many aspects. This paper will then focus on the lexical, structure f
3、eatures and rhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines, which can help us to have a better understanding when we are reading newspapers. Key words: Newspaper headline, Lexical features, Structure features, Rhetorical devices.摘要：随着传媒的发展，报纸逐渐成为我们获取世界各地的信息主要媒介。现在，英文报纸的阅读更是非常流行。然而，许多人仍是很难理解英文报纸的标
4、题，即使是英语专业的学生。这是因为英语报纸的标题有着它们自己独有的特点，文化背景和日常英语与我们在很多方面的不同。本文将重点放在词汇，结构特点和修辞在英语报纸中的特点，当我们在读报纸，它可以帮助我们有更好的理解。关键词：报纸的标题，词汇特征，结构特点，修辞。1. Introduction Every time we pick up a newspaper, what come into our sight will be lots of news headlines. A headline has become an indispensable part of newspaper. The e
5、ditor means to attract the readers attention through headlines. As a result, news paper headlines are usually specially designed to be short, concise, and informative to convey different kinds of information. We may be confused by the headlines like “Caters War on Waste”, “UFO Sighted”, “Smugglers G
6、et Jail and Fines”, “Weekly Mag for Stamp Lovers to Be Launched”, ect. Yet without some knowledge of news headline features, it is not easy for us to read English newspaper. This paper has summarized the study of newspaper development in recent years and presents the lexical features, structure feat
7、ures and rhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines in details.2. Lexical Features of English Newspaper Headlines Lexical features of English newspaper headlines can mainly include four parts. They are exemplified as follows. 1 Abbreviation Abbreviation, which is used in a large quantity in E
8、nglish newspaper, means “A shortened form of a word or phrase used chiefly in writing to represent the complete form”. Generally speaking there are 3 kinds of Abbreviations used in the newspaper. Abbreviation for organizations Examples: UNESCO = Uinted Nations Educational, Scientific and Culture Org
9、anization PLO = Palestine Liberation Organization IOC = International Olympic Committee NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration APEC = Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ConferenceFIFA = Federation Internationale de Football Association Abbreviation for profession and career Examples: MP
10、 = member of parliament PM = prime minister GM = general manager PA = personal assistant Abbreviation for our familiar things Examples: UFO = Unidentified Flying Object DJI = Dow-Jones Index AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome GMT = Greenwich Mean Times Laser = Light Amplification by Stimulat
11、ed Emission of RadiationRadar = Radio Detection and Ranging Sonar = Sound Navigation RangingTOEFL = Test of English as A Foreign LanguageIELTS = International English Language Testing System2 Shortening Shortening of different words in newspaper aims to spare more space or to cut down the length of
12、the headlines. Examples: grad graduate hosp hospital cig cigarette Cell cellular Sec second Reps representativesInfo information Intl international Deli delicatessenHi-fi high fidelity Hi-tech high technology 3-D three dimensional G-7 Group of seven A-bomb atom bomb V-day victory day 3 Compound Comp
13、ound words in English newspaper are usually formed by two or over two words. By compounding, we can make complicated structure simpler, whats more, save space. Examples: “Plan to aid school dropouts extended” ( China Daily, Feb.5.1998 ). Here “school dropouts” refers to “the student who drops out of
14、 school”. “Li stresses corruption fight” (China Daily, Feb.6.1998). Here “corruption fight” refers to “fight against corruption”.4 Informal and Small Words Newspaper headlines are likely to use informal and small words because small words have more meanings than big words and can be used in many cas
15、es. In news English these words are refered to as “synonyms of all work”.Examples: aimpurpose, design, object intention, etc. meetassembly, convention, congregation, exam,etc, pactcompact, contract,agreement,convention dealnegotiationm,transaction,bargain,etc.3. Structure Features of English Newspap
16、er Headlines Structure features of English newspaper headlines can be divided into two aspects. They are as follows: 1 Omission Omission is one of the major features of English newspaper headlines. Generally speaking, omission can be classified 4 types. Omission of articles Examples: Italian Ex-mayo
17、r Murdered ( = A Italian Ex-mayor Was Murdered ) Tenth of British Mackerel Catch Ground into Feed (= A Tenth of the British markerel Catch Ground into Feed ) Omission of conjunction and pronoun Examples: USA, Vietnam Resume Talks ( = USA and Vietnam Resume Talks )Have Dollars, Will Sell ( = If You H
18、ave Dollars, Will Sell ) Omission of “be ” and auxiliary verbs Examples: Three Dead after Inhaling over Gas ( = Three Are Dead after Inhaling over Gas )Married Women to Get Care Allowance ( = Married Women Are to Get Care Allowance ) PNCs world views praised ( = PNCs world views were praised ) Omiss
19、ion of verbs Examples: Ballots, Not Bullets ( = Algerians Want Ballots, Not Bullets )Pom peii Reported Seriously Damaged ( = Pom peii Reported to Have Benn Seriously Damage)2 Use Noun to Replace Adjective, Phrase, and Verb Nouns are frequently used in newspaper Headlines to replace different words t
20、o form various structures. So nouns are the most animated words in news headlines. Examples: Yugoslav pianist stirring music world ( “music world” = “musical world” ) Corruption Reports Against Police Rise ( “corruption reports” = “reports on corruption complaints ”)Female axe murderer executed ( “f
21、emale axe murdered” = “ a female murderer who killed with an axe ” ) Export growth to beat crisis ( “growth” is used to replace “grow” )4. Rhetorical Devices Of English Newspaper Headlines Rhetorical devices of English newspaper headlines mainly have six kinds. They are as follows.1 ImitationExample
22、s: The Son Also Rises To Save or Not to SaveThe Road That Must be Taken Do as Maoris Do The Great Mall of China Candidate in the Wind iPod, therefore, i am2 MetaphorExamples: A Dove Taking Wing Whitewater May Drown DemocratsTrouble Brewing3 Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of initial iden
23、tical consonant sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.Examples: Pride and Prejudice Sense and SensibilityKill or Cure? Carrots and Clubs?Solitary Soldier Tiger Tied Virtual Villains4 Rhyme Rhyme is the repetition of an identical stressed vowel sound, followed
24、by identical consonant sound but preceded by different consonantsExamples: Masculine rhyme: Foe/toe meet/fleet make/brakeFeminine rhyme: Revival/arrival mountain/fountainEye rhyme: Brain Gain/Drain Dream Team Wheels and DealsBubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble Its More Than a War5 Pun Pun is an express
25、ion that achieves emphasis or humor by contriving an ambiguity, two distinct meanings suggested either by the same word or by two similar sounding words.Examples: Why is the river so rich? It has two banks.Why are monkeys as talkative as women? Each monkey has a tail(tale).Why is that female movie s
26、tar so cool? She has many fans.Which can run faster, heat or cold? Heat, because everyone can catch cold.What is the worst weather for mice?When it rains cats and dogs.Why is the bride always unlucky on her wedding day? Because she can never marry the best man.What is mind? It doesnt matter.What is
27、the matter? Never mind.6 Idiom Examples: Rome is not built in a day. Third time lucky. The seven-year itch.Conclusion To sum up, English newspaper headlines can use different kinds skills of lexical features, structure features and rhetorical devices to create many effects. Besides the features ment
28、ioned above, there many other features in English newspaper headlines for us to analyze. Understanding the headlines of the news is a gateway to understand the whole news, so news headlines is an area worthwhile for us to go deep into. References:1.刘金明, 1995, 英语报刊新闻标题特点初探 , 湖潭师范学院学报2.张琼, 2001, 英语新闻的
29、标题特点, 湖南经济管理干部学院报3.汤慧, 汤毅, 2002, 英语新闻标题特点小议, 江汉石油学院学报4.端木义方, 1994, 英美报刊阅读教程, 南京大学出版社英语谚语警句100句精选Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience.谚语是日常经验的结晶。1. Look before you leap./Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行。/再想而后行。2. Great minds think alike; (heroes have similar views.) 英雄所见略同。 3. We shall never
30、 have friends if we expect to find them without fault.欲求完美无缺的朋友必然成为孤家寡人。4. What you sow, you must mow. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。5. A beggar can never be bankrupt.天无绝人之路。6.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。7. No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。8. No cross, no crown. 不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。9. The more haste, the less spee
31、d. /Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。10. Victory belongs to the most persevering. 坚持就是胜利！11. A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。12. Put ones foot in ones mouth. 说话不得体。13. It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收/悔恨已晚/木已成舟,回天乏力。14. Content is better than riches. 知足常乐。15. No gains without pains. 没有辛苦就没有
32、收获。16. The more a man knows, the more he is inclined to be modest. 大智若愚。17. All roads lead to Rome .条条大路通罗马。18. A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。19. Never say die! 永不言败！20. The best mirror is a friends eye. 朋友的眼睛是最好的镜子。 21. Faith will move mountain. 精诚所至，金石为开。 22. A life without a friend is a life wi
33、thout a sun. 人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有了太阳。 23. Great wits have short memories.贵人多忘事。 24. Do well and have well. 善有善报。25. A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。26. Four eyes see more than two. 人多识广/集思广益。27. Diligence is the parent of success. 勤劳是成功的根本。28. Water dropping day by day wears the hardest rock away.滴水穿石。29. Ho
34、pe for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 30. While there is life, there is hope. /Debt is better than death. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。/有生命就有希望。31. Where there is a will, there is a way. 功夫不负有心人。/有志者事竟成。32. Where there is great love, there are always miracles. 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。33. Where there is s
35、moke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。34. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。35. A stitch in time saves nine. 及时缝一针能省九针。/小洞不补，大洞吃苦。36. Never too old to learn, never too late to turn. 亡羊补牢，为时不晚。37. Dont claim to know what you dont know. 不要不懂装懂。38. Do in Rome as Roma
36、n do. 入乡随俗。39. Rome was not built in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。40. Sharpening your axe will not delay your job of cutting wood. 磨刀不误砍柴工。 41. Things of a kind come together, people a mind fall into a group. 物以类聚,人以群分。 42. One mans meat is another mans poison. 萝卜白菜,各有所爱。43. like author like book.文如其人。46. Like
37、 for like. 惺惺相惜。47. Like teacher like pupil. 有其师必有其徒。48. Gods that run many hares kill none.贪多必失。49. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。50. Actions speak louder than words. 行胜于言。51. You cannot eat your cake and have it. 鱼与熊掌，不可兼得。52. One loses by pride and gains by modesty. 满招损,谦受益。53. Love me, love my do
38、g. 爱屋及乌。54. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每日一苹果远离医生。55. Time past cannot be called back again. 时光不倒流。56. A drop of water cannot make a sea, and a tree cannot make a wood. 滴水不成海，独木不成林。57. If you venture nothing, you will have nothing. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。58.The tree is known by its fruit. 观其行知其人。59. Al
39、l work no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。60. The pot calls the kettle black. 五十步笑百步。61. Unkindness often reacts on the unkind person. 恶有恶报。62. Todays work should never be left over till tomorrow. 今日事今日毕。63. Nothing so bad but might have been worse. 塞翁失马,焉知非福。 64. God helps those who he
40、lp themselves. 自助者天助。65. Complacency is the enemy of study. 学习的敌人是自己的满足。66. A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改，本性难移。67. A friend without faults will never be found. 没有十全十美的朋友。68. A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。69. A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书
41、，相伴一生。70. A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。71. A leopard cannot change its spots.积习难改。72. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。73. All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的筵席。74. Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。75A man becomes learned by asking questions. 不耻下问才能有学问。76. A man can do n
42、o more than he can. 凡事都应量力而行。77. A man cannot spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。78. Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手。79. Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。80. Do it now. 机不可失，时不再来。81. It is the unforeseen that always happens. 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。82. Dont put off till tomorrow what should be d
43、one today.今日事，今日毕。83. Do well and have well. 善有善报。84. Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。85. Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊。86. Every day is not Sunday. 好景不常在。87. Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。88. Every man has his weak side. 人人都有弱点。89. Every potter praises hit pot. 王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。90. Experi
44、ence must be bought. 吃一堑，长一智。91. Far from eye, far from heart. 眼不见，心不烦。92. First come, first served. 先来后到。93. Judge not from appearances.人不可貌相，海不可斗量。94. Gold will not buy anything.黄金并非万能。95. He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。96. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. 想不犯错误，就一事无成。97. Learn not and know not. 不学无术。98. It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 99. It takes three generations to make a gentleman.十年树木，百年树人。100. It is the first step that costs troublesome. 万事开头难。10