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1、视频字幕 The Story of China（2） Silk Roads and China Ships I. Script China, a global superpower, eyes set on the future. Its arrival on the world stage, greeted like the appearance of a new planet .But it is not the first time .In the seventh century, when Europe was in its Dark Age ,Tang Dynasty China b
2、ecame the greatest power on earth and would be for 1,000 years until the rise of the West. Whats happening now has happened before .Im in Xian ,the capital of the Tang, which 1,300 years ago was the greatest and most cosmopolitan city on earth .And what made it great was not only its economic and cu
3、ltural power its sense of its own identity ,but its openness to other cultures.Standing over the square ,the statue of one of the heroes of that time, one of the great figures in the history of civilization ,the Buddhist monk Xuanzang ,who brought the wisdom of India back here to China. This is the
4、tale of a time which even now the Chinese see as a golden age .In the story of China we have reached the Tang Dynasty.Its often said that in history China has been a closed civilization, introverted, cutting itself off from the world. And there have been times when its looked that way, but since pre
5、history China has never been isolated and has thrived on contact. And Tang Dynasty was a great age of international connection .That time, ast numbers of foreign peoples poured into China with exotic goods, foods and ideas, and even new religions .And the great pathway of exchange was the Silk Road.
6、We call it the Silk Road today ,but it wasnt really one road but a series of land routes connecting China with the Mediterranean and India. And the Silk Road turned China, for the first time ,into a global civilization.Along it, just as today, were many cultures and peoples ,different religions ,dif
7、ferent ways of seeing the world. The magic of the Silk Road .The magic of Central Asia .There is Han Chinese, theres uyghurs everywhere, theres a guy from Kyrgyzstan that you can tell by his hat. Just like it would have been in ancient times ,you wouldve seen Arabs and Persians, probably Indians alo
8、ng with the Han Chinese on this very edge of Tang Dynasty China. Greek historian Polybius has a very interesting remark about this .He is writing in the 100s BC .He says that in ancient times the histories of Europe and Asia were completely separate ,they ran their own way ,but from our age onwards
9、the history of Europe began to interact and engage with the history of Asia and the history of Asia with that of Europe .You could say it is the beginning of universal history and it is happening in the Tang Dynasty.But in history ,when two civilization first come into contact ,it not always peacefu
10、l and not always enriching. To really open up to another culture needs patience and humility ,to be willing to shed your own preconceptions .And in the seventh century, the Chinese were confident enough to do that, to be changed by the experience of the other. The story begins at the Chinese end of
11、the Silk Road in the old city of Luoyang.Luoyang was the ancient capital of the Zhou Dynasty of 500 years and for those centuries, its poets and scholars had praised it as a place of great culture. ”It was the real heart of China,” they said, “in the middle of the middle plain of the Middle Kingdom.
12、” And this is not just a story about empires and economies but about what it is to be civilized. It is about a new spirit in Chinese culture.“Look at this .Magic world ,Aladdins cave.”.a spirit that will give birth to the greatest age of Chinese poetry .A time when poetry came out of the court into
13、the streets .A witness to the times ,expressing the human condition as never before. So ,Duma .Famous poem of the Tang Dynasty.” Knowing the insecurity of human life as the Chinese always have.“This floating life is just like the water under the ice .Flowing eastwards day and night and no-one notice
14、 isnt that great ?So this is a place rich in culture, rich in trade and merchants and interested in foreigners.”And if you want to see just how interested, go a few miles outside Luoyang where the most famous Indian of all time is commemorated. The Buddha. The foreigner who most fascinated the Chine
15、se through the whole of their history .The adoption of this Indian religion would leave its mark on the very DNA of Chinese civilization.“What better symbol is there of the impact of Buddhism on Tang Dynasty China ,indeed a symbol of the impact of the exchange of ideas and civilizations, than this g
16、reat cliff pockmarked with devotion, and in the middle, that huge image of the Buddha himself whose message had been carried along what the Chinese called the Road Carrying the Jewel of Truth?”How that happened, how China embraced Buddhism ,is one of the great stories in history .An adventure that g
17、enerations of storytellers have turned into Chinas favorite fairytale. The Emperor had a dream and in the dream a strange man appeared to him with his skin the color of gold, framed by the sun and moon and stars .And the court astrologers and diviners interpreted the dream. But this man had come fro
18、m the West and it must be the Buddha himself.“The Emperor was fascinated and organ and organized an expedition.18 courtiers and scholars with all their attendants journeyed out to the West to find out more .They got as far as Afghanistan and there in a Buddhist monastery, they met two Indian monks w
19、ho agreed to come back with them to China .They came back here and were established in this monastery, the White Horse Pagoda after the white horses that they rode, and they translated the first Buddhist scriptures ever to be rendered into Chinese .And they died here and were buried here. this is th
20、e tomb of one of them, Kagyupa Malanga. Its not the first exchange between Indian and China but from that moment onwards the dialogue of civilization will be continuous.”Now the story moves on in time to the year 600.In the wider world the Roman Empire has fallen, Byzantium is flowering and in China
21、 the Mandate of Heaven has passed to a new dynasty, the Tang .In the village outside Luoyang ,a boy was born who would become one of the most people in Chinese history and his name was Xuanzang.“Xuanzang must have known this place very well from childhood and known all the stories, especially about
22、the two strangers who had come from India, I was inflamed by passionate curiosity. ”he says, about the Buddha and about the origins the faith and I applied for a foreign travel permit several times to no avail. Perhaps because I was a nobody. And in the end I took matters into my own hands and I lef
23、t in secret for India.”He was 26 years old and his journey would change the course of Chinese civilization .It is a story that has fascinated me over the years ,traveling in his footsteps between China and Central Asia ,across Afghanistan into India .At that time Xuanzang said,” The Tang were new on
24、 the throne, Chinas frontiers didnt extend far. There was a ban on foreign travel. At first I had to move by night to night to dodge the border guards. ”The real-life adventures of Xuanzang gave birth to some of Chinas best-loved legends and characters .The Tang monk and his crazy companions, the lu
25、stful Piggy, the dim-witted Sandy and above all the faithful Monkey. All of them changed by their magical encounters along the Silk Road .In later novels and films it turned into the kind of fantasy the Chinese have always loved both comic adventure and spiritual allegory. On the real journey ,Xuanz
26、ang tells of oceans of sand and the exotic peoples whose lands he passed through.“My fellow Buddhists tried to persuade me not risk my life further, ”he said,” but I must reach the West. If I dont theres no point in coming back.” Through time the story just grew and grew .The traveling shadow puppet
27、 still plays it out in the villages. And the citys storytellers say that to tell the tale in full would take out 110 days. ”On his journey to the west ,Xuanzang was halted by a flaming mountain .So Monkey fought a bull demon. Using all his guile and courage, he seized the magic palm leaf fan. And wi
28、th this he put out the fire, so Xuan zing could continue his journey to India. ”So today its one of the great myths of Chinese culture .A strange and wonderful afterlife for a real Tang monk. Xuanzang is one of those rare people who turn up in history. Visionary great scholar and yet possessed of in
29、credible physical toughness and bravery stamina. After three years and nearly 5,000 miles ,he says,” We crossed the great snowy mountains and came down into India .”He crossed the River Indus and entered the plains of India with their teaming kingdoms and cities. He traveled with Buddhist pilgrims d
30、own the Grand Trunk Road to the River Ganged s. And finally he reached Bodh Gaya and the sacred Bodhi Tree where 1,000 years before the Buddha had sat in meditation and gained enlightenment. ”And when I saw it, ”Xuanzang says, “inlay on the ground and shed many tears. ”He stayed in India foe ten yea
31、rs studying the Buddhist teachings ,his noble truths about the human condition. Then he set off home to take them back to the Chinese people,to fire their imaginations as his story has ever since. Four -year-old Xiao Yunnan is hoping to be one of the next generations of Monkey storytellers.“One day
32、the monkeys went to bathe .Above the stream was a vast waterfall like an entire galaxy cascading to earth. Straight away Monkey leapt through .And on the other side he found a paradise. A happy land of mountains, fruit and flowers. One by one the other monkey bravely leapt through and knelt down and
33、 declared Monkey their king.”The China he came back to in 643 was the largest and strongest country on earth .Its capital Chang an, todays Xian, was one of the worlds great centers of civilization. And as the Emperor himself ,Taizhong was at the height of his powers and a stickler for protocol.“The
34、emperors first words to Xuanzang were,” Welcome back, but you never asked permission to go.” ”Well, ”said Xuanzang, ”I applied for a permit for foreign travel on several occasions but it never worked. Perhaps because I was a nobody. “He wasnt a nobody now. Crowds came just to look at him.“He was sup
35、posed to be very good looking which stood him in good stead. He was a very good-looking man. I think it is difficult to underestimate how much Xuanzang really aroused peoples interest in him. So many people came to welcome him so many people came to have a squint at him .In fact he had to shut his d
36、oors and say, ”No more visitors, please. “so that he could get on with some work.”“It was my lifes task, ”Xuanzang said, ”to bring the Buddhas teachings to the people of China for the benefit of generations to come.” The Wild Goose Pagoda in Xian was built to house the manuscripts he brought back .M
37、ost were lost long ago in wars and revolutions but for a few precious fragments.“So these are in Pail.”-“Yeah.”This is the language of South India and Sri Lanka.“He brought back many manuscripts but all that survives are these palm leaf manuscripts.Here are one of the crown jewels of Buddhist texts.
38、” “657 books in 520 packages on 20 pack horses.” “He spent 17 years translating them including 11 years here.” “It must make you feel very proud to be monks here.”The Emperor now commissioned Xuanzang to translate the Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. In the history of civilization its a project com
39、parable to the Arabic translations out of Greek or the Bible from Greek into Latin.“With the permission of the Emperor, he got quite a team together. He had 15 people in his team of Buddhists who knew about the literature. And he had eight people also in the team who were phrase connectors, is what
40、theyre called. People who tried to put things into Chinese of the time.”It was all part of Taizhongs insatiable appetite for learning. He was one of Chinas great rulers, a model of the Confucian virtuous man. He was a philosopher prince, poet and rationalist, and he thought that ruling was inseparab
41、le from patronage of culture .And now Taizhong wouldnt leave Xuanzang alone.“Xuanzang was supposed to be doing all this translation work but he didnt have time. He had to spend all his time at court trying to fulfill the emperors need for conversation. He was a man who was consumed by curiosity.”The
42、 Emperor himself said” The scriptures of Buddhism are as unfathomable as the depths of the sea or the height of the sky. In comparison, the teachings of Confucius and Laozi and the Nine Schools are just a single island in a great ocean.”.The Emperor was so impressed by his bearing and intelligence t
43、hat he asked him to hang up his Buddhist robe and to become his prime minister.” Help me run the country.” And Xuanzang refused him. He said ”It would be like taking a boat out of the water. Not only would it cease to be useful but in time it would rot away.”Xuanzang Died in 664.His ashes are buried
44、 in the little monastery of Xingjian Si near Xian. Spared in the cultural revolution of the 1960s at the command of Prime Minister Zhou Enkai himself ,too precious to the collective memory of the Chinese people .Over the centuries Buddhism would profoundly touch the Chinese soul ,as it still does .A
45、nd back then ,perhaps this Indian religion brought something they felt their culture lacked .A spiritual path based on personal conscience and compassion.“For me it is almost a homage to a fellow traveler .I traveled most of his route through Xinjiang and the northwest frontier of Pakistan and all t
46、he way across India to Patna. And to think, he did most of that on foot .Here is Xuanzang, the great traveler .I cant believe that he had sandals on the Hindu Kush! Huge framed backpack here made out of bamboo .Can you see the bamboo strips? With all the scrolls of the manuscripts stored there. Of c
47、ourse, actually, he had all that stuff in cases. It is a symbolic picture .And finally the lovely touch here ,a lantern to illuminate his journey at night. After he had returned from China ,Xuanzang kept in touch with his old Indian friends by letter .And those letters, though unknown in the West, a
48、re among the most moving documents in the history of civilization. In fact ,in my opinion, they tell you what civilization really is, written by a member of one culture who had lovingly and totally immersed himself in another. He writes the news,” The great Emperor of the Tang,” he says ,Is joyfully
49、 supporting Buddhism and ruling with justice and mercy like a compassionate Chakravartin, the old Sanskrit Indian world for a great ruler. But it is his letter to the abbot of Bodh Gaya which is the most touching Indeed all the more so because they belonged to opposed schools of Buddhism. ”A great while has while has elapsed since we were parted, ”he writes,” which has only increased my admiration for you .I am sending you my very best wishes .Of the works that we