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1、学号：2011060110哈尔滨师范大学学士学位论文题 目 英语中来源于希腊神话词汇的研究学 生 指导教师 年 级 2011级商务英语2班专 业 商务英语系 别 商务英语系学 院 西语学院 哈 尔 滨 师 范 大 学学士学位论文开题报告论文题目 英语中来源于希腊神话词汇的研究学生姓名 王乐阳指导教师 张瑞丹 年 级 2011级商务英语2班专 业 商务英语2015年 3 月说 明本表需在指导教师和有关领导审查批准的情况下，要求学生认真填写。说明课题的来源（自拟题目或指导教师承担的科研任务）、课题研究的目的和意义、课题在国内外研究现状和发展趋势。若课题因故变动时，应向指导教师提出申请，提交题目变动
2、论证报告。课题来源：导师指导下自拟题目。课题研究的目的和意义：目的：本课题研究以分析英语中源于希腊神话的词汇为主要目的，试图较深入的了解英语中源于希腊神话的词汇的分类组成和这种词源现象。旨在分析该类词汇以了解其在英语中各个领域的用途，以及对其他英语词源进行更进一步的了解。意义： 此课题的分析研究对于语言学中英语词汇词源的了解与学习有着重要的意义。通过分析英语中源于希腊神话的词汇，我们可以对英语词汇有一个更深的认识与了解。对于研究英语词汇的其他词源也有重要意义。国内外同类课题研究现状及发展趋势：国外： 希腊神话作为西方文化两大源头之一，一直是国外学者研究的热点课题。Lorena Stookey在
3、2004年出版的Thematic Guide to World Mythology提出了希腊神话对于西方文化和英语本身的巨大影响。Claude Calame在2003年出版的Myth and History of in Ancient Greece中首次提出了希腊神话对于英语词汇的影响并对其进行了详细的分析举例。Harold Newman在2005年出版的A Genealogical Chart of Greek Mythology中将英语对于西方文化、英语以及英语词汇的影响作了详细和总结性的陈述。国内： 在国内的希腊神话研究领域中，许多高校教师将其与英语词汇和语言学进行结合，研究其在英语词汇
4、语言中的应用。1995年，危鸣辉与刘建新发表了英语中希腊神话词汇的用法初探，第一次总结归纳了希腊神话典故在英语词汇中的运用。随后，钱莉和赵兰英在1998年的社会科学论坛发表了浅谈希腊神话对英美文化的影响，提出了希腊神话对西方文化的巨大影响。2002年，陈彩芬和杨彩玉发表了论文希腊神话对现代英语文化的影响，提出了希腊神话对于英美文学的影响并着重表述了其对英语词产生的重要作用。本文对这一课题的研究与Harold Mewman的相关研究较为类似，但较之更为详细，更加强调希腊神话对于英语词汇的影响及该类词汇的分类和应用。课题研究的主要内容和方法，研究过程中的主要问题和解决办法：主要内容：本文首先说明希
5、腊神话对于西方文化，尤其是对于英语语言的发展以及英语词汇发展的重要性。之后在文章的主要部分，通过对希腊神话的了解举出一些英语中源于希腊神话词汇的例子并加以分析。之后的部分对该类词汇进行详细的分类，再对其用法进行分类比较和分析。 主要方法：1、 调查法：通过研究有关希腊神话各类资料进行课题研究。2、 文献研究法：通过调查有关希腊神话近期及以前的各类资料文献，形成对希腊神话的大体研究方向上的了解，进而通过该方法进行课题研究。主要问题：1、对于希腊神话的了解程度不够深，对于其中的一些神话故事理解不透彻。 使得对于其在英语中相对应的词汇把握不到位。2、关于希腊神话的资料较为庞杂，且英文资料较少，在撰写
6、英文论文的过 程中会造成一定困难。解决方法：1、遇到问题，及时地与指导老师沟通，请教指导老师，并积极与同学讨论，研 读相关文献2、认真上网查阅相关的资料以及到图书馆查阅期刊及文献资料，细致探讨和挖 掘文中涉及到的词汇。3、认真研究相关语言理论，围绕主题更细致地从多个角度分析课题。课题研究起止时间和进度安排：1. 2014年11月14日至11月28日：选导师及撰写论文方向。2. 2014年11月29日至12月31日：与导师商榷论文题目。3. 2015年1月1日至2015年3月15日：撰写并提交开题报告。4. 2015年3月16至2015年4月24日：撰写并提交毕业论文。5. 2015年4月25日
7、至2014年5月9日：准备参加毕业论文答辩。课题研究所需主要设备、仪器及药品：电脑；互联网；学校图书馆等设施。外出调研主要单位，访问学者姓名：哈尔滨师范大学西语学院 张瑞丹指导教师审查意见：同意开题指导教师 （签字） 2015年3月 14日教研室（研究室）评审意见：理论教研室主任 （签字） 2015年3月 14日系（部）主任审查意见：英语系（部）主任 （签字） 2015年3月 14日GRADUATION PAPERFOR BACHELOR DEGREEHARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY TITLE: Research on English Words Which Originat
8、e from the Greek MythologySTUDENT: WANG Le-yangTUTOR: ZHANG Rui-danGRADE: Grade 2011MAJOR: Business EnglishDEPARTMENT: Business English DepartmentCOLLEGE: Faculty of Western Languages and Literatures May, 2015HARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITYResearch on English Words Which Originate from the Greek Mythology
9、Abstract: The Greek Mythology is one of the origin of western culture and it has significant impacts on almost every aspect of western culture, especially English itself. There is a huge amount of words in English originating from the Greek Mythology. On the other hand, vocabulary plays an important
10、 role in learning English. In conclusion, it is of great significant to carry on a research on English words which originate from the Greek Mythology. This paper analyses these words by firstly stating the important role which the Greek Mythology plays in English words and the influences the Greek M
11、ythology put on the western culture, then the paper will show you the classification of these words and explore the applications of them, aiming at providing help for English leaner to comprehend, memorize words in a better way.Key Words: Linguistic; the Greek Mythology; English words 1. Introductio
12、nThe Western culture has two headstreams, one is the Hellenic culture, the other is the Hebrew culture. The Greek Mythology of Hellenic culture has a significant influence on English. It appears that English language absorb part of the words from the Greek Mythology in the expression of English word
13、s, these words are resolvable or traceable words. The information included by these pedigrees can not only help the English learners to understand the meaning of every particular word in a more precise way, increase the interest of memorizing words, but also can specially record and describe the dif
14、ferences and communication between English and the Hellenic culture, which expresses historic and entertaining. The Roman Mythology is always connected with the Greek Mythology, it has a very much the same story with the Greek Mythology except the names of the deities. The Roman Mythology and the Gr
15、eek Mythology nurture the English words just like the Hippocrene from the fairy tale. There comes out a lot of beautiful and moving tales about English words from the Hippocrene, which strengthen the vitality of English.2. The Greek Mythology Influences Western Culture and English Words The Greek My
16、thology, as the oral or literal mythology about the deities, heroes, nature and history of the universe of the ancient Greeks. Its the spiritual product of the primitive clan society and also the earliest literary form of Europe. The Greek Mythology emerged about before 8th century B.C. The Greek My
17、thology formed its basic scale on the basis of the orally passes on primarily between the ancient Greeks. These tales were recorded in the Homers Epic and poems, dramas, history, philosophy writings of the ancient Greek. The later generations arranged these tales into the Greek Mythology today, it i
18、s divided into stories of the deities and the legend of heroes. 2.1 The Greek Mythology Influences Western Culture As time goes on, the ancient Greek Mythology gradually spread to Europe, and became one of the important headstreams of western society and western culture development. The Greek Mythol
19、ogy has a huge impact on many aspects of western society especially during the Renaissance and the period after it. We can now find the affect and heritage of the Greek Mythology in ideology, culture, language and literature and other aspects. The enormous impact which the Greek Mythology bring to w
20、estern languages is mainly show up in words. There are a huge number of phrases and words base on the Greek Mythology. These phrases and words are extremely vivid and flexible because they have stories from the Greek Mythology to be the background information. In English, more than 1,000 words of th
21、is kind form a wonderful vocabulary world. Theses phrases and words may just be simple names of people, deities, places or plants when they first combine with English. However, the meanings of these phrases and words have been changed and get deeper during the long process of historical development.
22、 A big part of these phrases and words lost their background information of the Greek Mythology and turn into normal English words. As one of the origins of European and American literature, the Greek Mythology has a huge impact on European and American literature, this impact has been deeply brande
23、d in their nationality. The effect of the Greek Mythology started in the Renaissance period. The Greek Mythology had infiltrated every aspect of literature during that period. The art of poetry, painting, sculpturing and building, even the field of recent movies, they all draw nutrition from the Gre
24、ek Mythology to get ideological inspiration. The modern news reports often cite the humanity knowledge from the Greek Mythology to make the report more attractive. Since the filmmaking technology has been invented, the tentacle of the Greek Mythology spread to this new field. There are more than 50
25、movies which used the Greek Mythology as their themes in the last century. The movies based on the Greek Mythology have attracted a huge amount of audience with the help of new developed technology in this decade of 21st century. For example, Immortals, Clash of the Titans, Troy, these movies clearl
26、y describe the complex relationship between the deities from the Greek Mythology. The Greek Mythology provides plenty of literal themes for modern creation of movies. Themes such as betrayal, revenge and searching for immortal souls are essential elements of the movies in this kind. With the dreamy
27、sceneries made by modern technology, the movies about Greek Mythology own epic visual effect, and there starts an international learning of the Greek Mythology. 2.2 The Greek Mythology Influences English Words The deities and their stories in the Greek Mythology are the origin of many English words.
28、 The basic phrases and words effect of the Greek Mythology mainly behave in the foundation and causes during the forming of these words and phrases. We can find the motivations of many words and phrases in the Greek Mythology. There is the goddess of destiny named Fate in the Greek Mythology, we hav
29、e fate for destiny in modern English; there is the goddess of reverberation named Echo, we have echo for reverberation in modern English; there is the goddess of rainbow named Iris, we have iris for rainbow in modern English; there is the river of disremembering called Lethe, we have lethe for disre
30、member in modern English; there is the Helicon Mountains where the goddess of literature and art named Muse live in, we have helicon for the origin of poetry inspiration in modern English; there is the goddess of fear named Pan, we have pan for fear in modern English. The place names belong to prope
31、r nouns in English, they are also an important part of English phrases and words. Some English place names originate from the Greek Mythology. The name of Europe comes from the Greek goddess of farming named Europa. She was a beautiful princess of the secular world, then Zeus happened to love her an
32、d they had a child at this very land, and thats why the land is named after her. We all know Athens as the capital of Greece. Athena is one of the major deities in the Greek Mythology. She charges talent and skill. According to the Greek Mythology she and Poseidon had chosen a land in the southern p
33、art of Attica peninsula of Greece to be the shelter at the same time. The neither of the two deities would give in. Zeus invited the local inhabitants to make the decision. These people preferred olive branch which Athena gave them as a present. Therefore Athena became the lord god of this city at s
34、easide and this city is named Athens. The name of the Atlas Mountains in Africa came from the offspring of Titans in the Greek Mythology whose name is Atlas. As the story goes, he had the strongest body all over the world. However, his giant body happened to be changed into stones after he saw Medus
35、a in the eye. His body became a mountain, his beard and hair became capacious forest; his shoulders, hands and bones became the mountain ridge; his hair turned into the mountaintop which soars above the horizon. Thats where the name of Atlas of this famous mountain in Africa came from. In addition,
36、the ancients considered that the location of Atlas is at very western. Therefore the ocean at western of Europe is called the ocean of Atlantic. These household stories enrich English vocabulary. Idioms are fixed word-combination. Idioms possess the oneness in meaning and the fixity in structure. Id
37、ioms are a indivisible entity in meaning. The integral meaning of an idiom often cannot be founded in the meaning of each word of the idiom. In structure, idioms have its own integrity. Every part of the idiom is fixed and cannot be disconnected and replaced by optionally. There are plenty of idioms
38、 in English that come from the Greek Mythology. They possess more intensive meanings under their literal meanings. For example, Achilles heel means the fatal or only weak point of a person. Achilles is a son of a god and a human. Soon after his born, his mother handled his heel and soaked him upside
39、 down in the water of Styx. After that his body was invulnerable except his heel that had not been soaked in the water of Styx. His heel became his only weak point. He was invincible at wars until one day Apollo shot his heel with an arrow and he died. Idioms which are formed by some events or the s
40、pirit and feature of someone in the Greek Mythology are very common. 3. English Words Originated From the Greek Mythology 3.1 English Words Originated From the Greek Mythology1) Achilles heel: the fatal or only weak point of a person.(modern)Achillean: brave. (modern)Achilles: The hero of Homers Ili
41、ad, the son of Peleus and Thetis and slayer of Hector. 2) Adonis: a very handsome young man. (modern)Adonis: a strikingly beautiful youth loved by Aphrodite.3) Athenaeum; (modern)Athena (Roman: Minerva): The goddess of wisdom, the practical arts, and warfare.4) atlas: a person who supports a great b
42、urden. (modern)Atlas: a Titan condemned by Zeus to support the heavens upon his shoulders.5) flower, flour, flourish, floral, florist (modern)Flora: She is the goddess of flower, she married Zephyr, the god of west wind. Her husband gave her a garden full of exotic flowers and rare herbs. In spring,
43、 when Flora and her husband Zephyr walk in the garden, all flowers bloom together by the path they just walked through. The word Flora means plant in modern English.6) museum, music, amuse, amusement (modern)Muses: Muses are nine deities of the art in the Greek Mythology. They are History, Lyric, Co
44、medy, Tragedy, Song and dance, Love poems, Carol, Astronomy and Epic. The art of Muses formed the word Music. The place where the artworks show is the Museum. The happiness given by art is called Amuse or Amusement.7) panic (modern)Pan: He is the god of herding and forest. He will shout loudly when
45、he is disturbed. 8) atlas (modern)Atlas: He is one of the Titans in the Greek Mythology. He was punished to heave the sky in the west end of the world because he had betrayed Zeus. In 16th century, Mercator the geographer made the picture of Atlas heaving the sky a illustration of a map book. The la
46、ter generations all rush to imitate his behavior. Therefore the word Atlas possesses the meaning of map, book of maps and a person with a heavy burden. 9) Cereals (modern)Ceres: She is the patron goddess of crops. The ancient Rome had suffered a great drought, so the priests searched an augury from a witch woman. The result of the augury showed that people must set up a new goddess named Ceres, and people shall enshrine and worship her, then she will bring rains to this dried land. Since then, Ceres became the patron goddess of crops. The word Cereal is cha