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1、 Knowledge of civil engineering【Abstract】With the accelerated development of urbanization in recent years, civil engineering becomes increasingly important position in economic development.forIn a college students majoring in civil engineering, to have a deep understanding of civil engineering is a
2、must.In this paper, with the historical development of civil engineering and the main content of the civil engineering and the important role, and for the future development prospects of civil engineering on my knowledge of civil engineering.【Keywords】The content of the civil engineering The develop
3、ment direction classification The main content【introduction】around time past the blink, civil engineering professional English course of study is over,Look back the short the four Weeks, through learning this course, I am from Have the professional and industry in the future is in the further Know,
4、at the same time also stimulated interest in civil engineering.That no matter from which Perspective are very significant. In the future Lesson to learn, We will be right here On the basis of work harder to learn Xi. Below is I through the study of this course in civil engineering A little knowledge
5、.The future development direction of civil engineering1 to the high altitudeNow polish Gabin227kHz artificial highest building is 646 m long steel tower, consists of 15 cordelle root steel anchor.Japan plans to build a 800.7 m high of one thousand in Tokyo tower, it is about 1.25 miles from the sea,
6、 will work, leisure, entertainment, business, shopping and so on into the integration of seismic vertical cities, residents of up to 50000 people.China proposed in Shanghai near 1.6 km wide, 200 m deep on the island to build a 1250 m of the bionic tower, residents of 100000.India is also proposed to
7、 invested $5 billion to build super skyscrapers, its the earth 202 layers, up to 710 m.Will still be visible in the 21st century high-rise building is an important development direction of civil engineering.2 to the development of undergroundHeld in Tokyo in 1991 the urban underground space of the i
8、nternational academic conference passed the declaration of the east, proposed the 21st century is the century of human development and utilization of underground space.Construction of underground construction will effectively improve urban congestion, saving energy and reducing noise pollution, etc.
9、Japan in the late 1950 s to 70 s, large-scale exploitation and utilization of shallow underground space by the end of the 80 s have started to study 50 100 m deep underground space development and utilization of the problem.The future urban underground space development mainly has the following tren
10、ds:(1) integration.Integration is the main trend of foreign underground space development, the first is the emergence of underground complex, become a symbol of city modernization construction type one.Second integrated performance in underground pedestrian system and underground rapid rail system,
11、the combination of high-speed road system, and the combination of underground complex and the underground transport hub.Third comprehensive performance on the ground, underground space function distinguished, and the coordinated development of combination mode.(2) layering and deep.For comprehensive
12、 utilization of underground space resources, underground space development and gradually to the deep development.Art such as the United States at the university of Minnesota and mineral engineering of underground building as many as seven layers, vancouver, Canada to build an underground garage up t
13、o the 14th floor, with a total area of 72324 m2.(3) the micro tunnel project will speed up development.Micro tunnel is people cant get into tunnel, in 25 - 30 cm in diameter, and up to 2 m.At the entrance of the tunnel surface is excavation and supporting with the remote control.This method is rapid
14、, accurate, economic and security.So is appropriate under the high-rise building, under the historical and cultural monuments, expressway, subway and channel to install the pipe.(4) the role of 3 S technology in underground space development would be strengthened, 3 S GPS (global positioning satelli
15、te), RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system).3 to the sea to broadenIn order to prevent the airport noise influence on urban residents, also in order to save the use of land, on August 4, 2000, Osaka, Japan use 1.8 billion cubic sea around 1000 m long kansai international airport
16、 flight a success.Capital, seven star hotel in dubai, united Arab emirates also built at sea, maritime city will be built in Honduras cruise ship, the ship will be 804.5 m long, 228.6 m wide, with 28 floors, the ship is equipped with small jet runway, hospitals, hotels, supermarkets, restaurants, ba
17、rber shops, casinos and so on.In recent years, our country has made gratifying achievements in this field, such as the Shanghai nanhui beach reclamation reclamation success, success and chongming dongtan has recently in the huangpu river, the bund, shore engineering.Reclamation, Rio shore have simil
18、ar engineering and construction of artificial islands, like Shanghai big coastal cities for the future construction of artificial islands have accumulated experience of science and technology and ready to power.4 March to desertAbout one-third of the land to desert, around the world each year about
19、6 million hectares of arable land, erosion, this will affect hundreds of millions of peoples life.The world future society on early in the 21st century is one of the worlds top ten engineering idea turned into desert oasis to west Asia and Africa.Desert must have water first, and then to afforestati
20、on and sand.Now the Libyan desert area has built a large water pipe, and the in benghazi, built a diameter of 1 km, 16 kilometers deep reservoir irrigation to the desert.In the absence of the desert areas of groundwater, the research and development on the international use of desert solar desalinat
21、ion feasible solution, once implemented, the scheme will start offshore the large-scale construction engineering in desert areas.Desert test for the water conveyance project success in our country, to build the first long distance water conveyance project has been built across the desert, the Yellow
22、 River into the desert smoothly.5 to spaceDue to the rapid development of modern astronomy, aerospace industry and the successful implementation of human landing on the moon, it was found that the moon has a lot of ilmenite, under 800 high temperature, ilmenite and hydride synthesis of iron, titaniu
23、m and oxygen and moisture, which can make human survival required oxygen and water.The government has decided to build a moon base on the moon, and Mars by the base of action.Chinese-american copper column, Dr. Lin in 1985 found that needed to build the concrete materials are on the moon, so it can
24、be made of reinforced concrete parts assembly station on the moon.Since the 2050 s, is expected to space commercialization, industrialization and space space travel, outer space humanization, etc may get bigger development.The definition of civil engineering：What is a civil engineering?Civil enginee
25、ring is to build all kinds of engineering facilities of science and technology of the total, according to which refers to the application of materials, equipment and conducted the survey, design, construction, maintenance and other technical activities;Also refers to the object of engineering constr
26、uction, building on the ground or underground, on the road or water, directly or indirectly for human life, production, military, scientific research services of all kinds of engineering facilities, such as houses, roads, railways, pipelines, tunnels, Bridges, canals, DAMS, ports, power stations, th
27、e offshore platform, water supply and drainage, and protective engineering, etc.The classification of civil engineeringTo build a project facilities generally go through survey, design and construction of the three phase, need to use engineering geological survey and hydrogeological survey, engineer
28、ing surveying, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, construction materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building economic disciplines and knowledge in the field of construction technology, construction organization, as well as the electronic computer and mech
29、anical testing techniques.So wide in civil engineering is a comprehensive discipline.With the progress of science and technology and the development of engineering practice, the civil engineering discipline connotation also has developed into a broad category, large, complex integrated system.Civil
30、engineering technology are mainly relies on the development of engineering practice rather than relying on scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: one is some objective conditions are too complex, difficult to faithfully indoor experiment or field testing and theoretical ana
31、lysis.Foundation, tunnel and underground engineering, for example, the stress and deformation state and its change with time, the engineering experience analysis judgment still need reference.2 it is only for new engineering practice, to reveal new problems.Built high-rise buildings, for example, hi
32、gh tower mast and long-span Bridges, engineering of wind and earthquake resistant problem highlights, to develop this aspect of the new theory and technology.After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society puts forward new demand to the civil engineering;On
33、the other hand, social each domain to move forward to create a good condition of civil engineering.Therefore this period of civil engineering get the development by leaps and bounds.Have sprung up all over the world of modern large-scale industrial buildings, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highw
34、ays and railways, long-span Bridges, large diameter pipeline long tunnels, the grand canal, big DAMS, airport, sea port and Marine engineering, etc.Modern civil engineering constantly create new material environment for human society, human society is an important part of modern civilization.Constru
35、ction engineeringRefers to all kinds of construction of the building and affiliated facilities thereof and its supporting lines, pipes, equipment installation activities of the project entity.There buildings refers to the top, the foundation of the beams, walls, and the ability to form internal spac
36、e, meet the production, living, learning, public events, such as need, including factory buildings, theatres, hotels, shops, schools, hospitals and residential, etc.;Affiliated facilities means and building towers, sheds, pool, etc.Lines, pipelines, equipment installation refers to the building and
37、affiliated facilities matching with the electrical, water supply and drainage, communication, elevators and other lines, pipelines, equipment installation activities.High-rise buildings rise from the United States in the first place.In Chicago in 1883 built the first brick house since the bearing an
38、d steel frame institutions, building high 11 layers of insurance company.As the population to concentrate in big cities, as urban land increasingly nervous and the invention and application of the elevator, breakthrough of the theory of structure, new materials unceasingly, began to appear a lot of
39、tall buildings, and the construction scale is more and more big, the building height is higher and higher.Built in 1913 in New York City high 52 Woolworth building, built in 1913 in New York City 102 floors, 381 meters of the Empire State Building.But despite the has adopted advanced steel frame str
40、ucture and strength of the steel reinforced concrete material, have yet to create and adapt to the new architectural type modelling form, modelling idea still wandering in the middle ages people tall straight architectural form, thus a new structure type package by traditional modelling form, struct
41、ure and shape of begin.Road and bridge engineeringRoad and peoples relations are very close, our side, at any time as you can see, with all the city and the city, city and countryside, between country and country and inside are all linked together on the road.In recent years, Chinas highway construc
42、tion has obtained the good result.15 the first three years, highway construction investment as a share of GDP keep in 3.1 3.2%, investment grew by an average of 17% a year.Highway construction in the following characteristics: the country more than half of the province of more than 1000 km highway m
43、ileage.New road mileage of 46000 kilometers, the total mileage of 1.81 million kilometers;The new highway 4600 kilometers, nearly 30000 km highway mileage.With jiang to sanya, Beijing to zhuhai, lianyungang to huoerguos, four basic run-through trunk highway between Shanghai and chengdu.So as to real
44、ize the five vertical and seven horizontal trunk highway system in the first stage construction goals, namely two vertical and two horizontal three important sections full penetration.Since the 20th century, the world bridge has made outstanding achievements, all kinds of bridge, takahashi appeared,
45、 such as the large bridge over akashi channel in Japan (mainspan 1990 meters), the Swiss Gunter bridge and so on.In recent years, our country bridge project also entered a vigorous development period.Easter bunny has the nanjing Yangtze river bridge, the Hong Kong bailing gate bridge, the jiangyin b
46、ridge and runyang bridge, three single pylon single cable plane cable-stayed bridge county, state, etc.Tunnel and underground engineeringIn todays world, human beings are low to the ground, sea and space development.To the development of underground boil down to: underground resources development, e
47、nergy development and underground space development in three aspects.The use of underground space is also by the use of line to space of large section and large distance using the progress.The development and utilization of underground space in China began in the 60 s.Construction of subway in Beiji
48、ng in 1965.In the 70 s, built a lot of underground engineering in our country, a significant proportion of utilization, has been built for the underground street, underground mall, underground plants and storehouse.Since the 90 s, Chinas urban underground traffic and municipal facilities to speed up
49、 the speed of construction.Shanghai metro line 1, metro line 2 has opened.Underground space development and utilization of the network system in China has started construction, within the earths surface to - 30 m more shallow construction of underground engineering.With the development of economy, foreseeable underground engineering in our country will enter the booming period.Modern underground engineering is developing rapidly, all kinds of typi