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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date高一英语语法复习虚拟语气高一英语语法复习虚拟语气 黑龙江省大庆外国语学校高一英语 语法复习 虚拟语气虚拟语气在条件句中的用法： 条件句有真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，此时主句不用虚拟语气；而虚拟条件句则表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生，此时用虚拟语气。如： If I have time，I will go. 假若我有时间，我
2、就去。 （陈述语气） If I were you，I would go. 假若我是你，我就去。 （虚拟语气 ） 时态类型主句谓语形式条件句的谓语形式例句与现在事实相反would/should/could/might+ V原 动词过去式 did *be 多用were1. If I were you, I should study English. 2. I would certainly go if I had time.与过去事实相反would/should/could/might + have done动词过去完成式 had done1. If you had taken my advice
3、, you would not have failed in the test. 2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.与将来事实相反would/should/could/might + V原动词过去式 should +V原 were + to do1.If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 2. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.*规律总结：从句都往过去推一个时态
4、，如：与现在相反的if从句就用过去时；与过去相反用过去完成时（即过去的过去）注：特别说明 1、l would/should/could/might主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后；would表示结果还表示过去经常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较： If you tried again ，you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。 (would表结果) If you tried again， you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。 (might表可能) If you tried again
5、 ，you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力)2、 错综时间虚拟条件句 即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整： If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。 3、If虚拟条件句的否定
6、（含蓄条件句） 常考两个句型：If it werent for和If it hadnt been for，其意为“若不是(有)” “要不是”。如： If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadnt been for your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. =But for your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. =Without your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeed
7、ed.如果没有你的帮助，我们不会成功的。 4、If虚拟条件句的倒装形式，即把were, had, should置于句首。例： Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would work harder.如果我能再上一次学，我学习更努力。 Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,)如果你问我，我会告诉你。 第二类使用虚拟语气的常见结构或从句： 1.*wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。
8、wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较： （1） We hope they will come. (We dont know if they can come.) （2） We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming.)我们希望他们能来。 2.if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同： If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。 If only I had listened to my
9、 parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。 If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了! *if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。3.l would rather后句子用虚拟语气 只分现在和过去 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, would prefer后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气， 表示宁愿做什么 ，具体用法为： 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望 Id rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。 用过去完成时表过
10、去的愿望 Id rather you hadnt said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。 4.l as if (though)从句用虚拟语气 以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气,则与wish用法相同，例： He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。 They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。 注：两点说明 (1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈
11、述语气： It looks as if well be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。 (2) 注意 It isnt as if的翻译： It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。 第三类从句中should+动词原形，should可省略 1. 在 lest ，for fear that( 以免) ,in case(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 She walked quietly lest she (should)wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。 2. 表应当做 值得做 一类动词后的宾语从句 建议ad
12、vise, suggest, propose, recommend命令order, command 请求ask, demand, require, request指示direct 敦促urge提议move, vote 希望desire坚持insist 打算intend安排arrange 例如： I insisted that he (should)stay. 我坚持要他留下。 He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。 He suggested that we shouldleave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 He ordered that
13、 it (should)be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。 He requires that I (should)appear. 他要求我出场。 I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。 He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。 She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。 The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指
14、示释放那些俘虏。 *suggest表“暗示”insist表“坚持认为”不用虚拟语气 比较： He insisted that Ihad read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 3. order,suggestion,i
15、dea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句 Our suggestion is that you（ should）be the first to go 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。 4.*advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, pla
16、n, orderl “It is (was)+ 紧急 重要- 带感情色彩上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词 或important,natural,strange ,necessary，surprised, appropriate等形容词 后的主语从句 1. It is ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m. 2. It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once. 注：*It is necessary，important，strange，natural， ad
17、visable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. ；it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed 第四类Its time后的从句用虚拟语气 从句谓语通常用过去式表示 (早)该干某事了 *有时也用过去
18、进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略) ex. Its time we went were going, should go. 我们该走了。 Its time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were) Its time = It is (the very/high/right/about) timeA.主观愿望和假设a)带wish,if only,would rather /would just as soon /would sooner /would prefer的句子我希望现在就下雨。I wish that it could rain. 人们
19、希望现在就下雨！It is wished that it could rain. 我希望现在正下着雨。I wish it were raining now. 要是能下雨该多好啊！If only it could rain!How I wish it could rain! 我真希望昨天下雨了。(或：昨天要是下雨就好了；我宁愿昨天下雨了) I would rather it had rained yesterday. I would just as soon it had rained yesterday. I would sooner it had rained yesterday. I wo
20、uld prefer it had rained yesterday. I wish that it had rained yesterday. b)带if it were not for /if it had not been for和suppose的虚拟条件句假如现在下雨，你回来吗？Supposing it were raining,would you come? 如果现在下雨怎么办？Supposing it should rain? 如果没有那场大雨，就不会发生洪水。If it were not for the heavy rain,there would not be a flood.
21、 如果没有你的帮助，我们就会被大雨浇了。If it had not been your help,we would have been caught in the rain. c)用倒装句式，省略连词if的虚拟条件句如果当时有辆出租车的话，我们就不会被雨浇了。Had a taxi been available,we would not have been caught in the rain. 如果我是科学家，我就会研究如何控制降雨。Were I a scientist,I would study how to control the rain. 如果明天下雨，我们就会呆在家里。Should
22、it rain tomorrow,we would stay at home. d)错综时间虚拟条件句：主句和从句的动作发生在不同时间，这时需要根据意思采用表示不同时间的动词时态如果是我，我就会带上雨衣了。If I were you,I would have taken the raincoat with me. 如果他听我的，他就不会被雨浇了。If he had listened to me,he would not be caught in the rain. e)含蓄条件：假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在一个含有介词without,but for,but that或连词b
23、ut，副词otherwise和比较级等的上下文中。没有那场雨水，庄稼就会干死了。Without the rain,there would be a drought. But for the rain,the crops would die. But that there was rain,the crops would have died. 雨要是再大一点就会把庄稼浇透了。A heavier rain would have watered the crops more thoroughly. 我倒是想去为你送行，但现在正下雨呢。Its raining,otherwise I would hav
24、e gone to see you off. I would be very glad to go and see you off,but its raining. B.委婉提出建议、要求和命令雨停了，我们该上路了。The rain has stopped.Its(high)time we started. 要下雨了，我们还是明天走吧。Its going to rain.Suppose we started tomorrow.(suppose表示建议) 在大雨来临之前必须完成大楼的施工。Its imperative that the construction of the building(s
25、hould)be completed before the heavy rain.(主语从句) 命令如下：在大雨来临之前必须完成大楼的施工。The order is that the construction of the building(should)be completed before the heavy rain.(表语从句) 他们命令在大雨来临之前必须完成大楼的施工。They ordered that the construction of the building(should)be completed before the heavy rain.(宾语从句) 在大雨来临之前完成
26、大楼施工的命令被撤销了。The order that the construction of the building should be completed before the heavy rain was cancelled.(同位语从句) 注释：大部分客观礼貌地表达观点、希望、建议、命令、要求、偏好、决定等概念范畴的形容词、动词和名词，都用虚拟语气。其形式可采用例句所示的不同的名词从句。形容词essential,urgent,necessary,important,advisable,desired,natural,desirable,preferable,required,sugge
27、sted名advice,command,demand,desire,idea,motion,preference,insistence,suggestion,recommenda- tion,request,requirement 动词ask,advise,demand,decide,insist,move,prefer,propose,command,require,urge C.表示惊奇、高兴、遗憾等较强烈的感情真奇怪竟然下雨了！It is surprising that it should rain! 这个季节下雨，简直是个奇迹！It is simply a miracle that i
28、t should rain in such a season!本应该早一点下雨。瞧，庄稼都快干死了。It should(ought to)have rained earlier.Look!The crops are dying from the drought. Das if和in case引导的句子他全身湿透好像淋了雨似的。He is wet all over and looks as if he had been caught in a rain. 他在雨中走得很舒服好像在淋浴。He looks so comfortable walking in the rain as if he wer
29、e having a shower. 带上雨伞以防下雨Take the umbrella in case it should rain. wish和as if引导的虚拟1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + 动词过去式 （be 一律用were） 例如：I wish I knew everything in the world.我希望我知道世界上所有的事。 I wish that the experiment were a success.我希望这个实验是成功的。 We wish we had wings.我们希望有翅膀。 2.表示与过去事实相反的愿
30、望构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词 例如：I wish that you had called yesterday.我希望你昨天来过。 I wish that I could have gone with you last night.我希望我昨晚能和你一起去。 I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.我没有去参加晚会，但是我真的希望我去过那里。 3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主
31、语 + would/should/could/might + 原形动词 例如：I wish that he could try again.我希望他能再次尝试。 I wish that someday I should live on the moon. We wish that they would come soon. II. AS IF 引出的虚拟。 As if.表好像我们经常会利用一下句型来表达不能实现的虚拟状态：It is as if。 (就好象是) As if + 从句， 主句。 （好像 Sb.+ do）表达一种假设的条件。而 As if 之后的假设内容的语法结构和wish虚拟的结
32、构一样。 L. 33 A Day to Remember 中原句， “As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives.” 就利用了和现在事实相反的假设虚拟。北京新东方名师指出，要善于总结出一些学习语法的技巧，如利用对比，举例等方法进行学习。 注：Something is to happened，Im to face it。 注意事项：使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点： 1当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
33、如： If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years time. 2if 省略句 在条件句中可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首 , 变为倒装句式。如： If I were at school again, I would study harder. We
34、re I at school again, I would study harder. If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。如：我们可以说：Were it not
35、for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能说：Werent it for the expense, I would go abroad now. 3用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with, without, but for。如： What would you do with a million dollars? ( = if you had a million dollars) We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help. ( = if we hadnt
36、 got your help) But for the rain ( = If it hadnt been for the rain ), we would have finished the work. 4含蓄条件句 有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句。 I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet. (副词) He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have kno
37、wn nothing about it. (连词) A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. （定语从句） I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词) Everything taken into consideration, they would have raiser their output quickly. (独立主格结构) 混合型与含蓄型虚拟语气 1。混合型虚拟语气： 当虚拟条件从句与结果主语所表达的时间不一致时，被称为
38、“混合条件句”，这种虚拟语气被称为“混合型虚拟语气”，动词的形式要根据它所表达的时间作相应调整。如： If you had followedthe doctors advice ,he would be all right now.(条件从句表达的时间是过去，因此用had+过去分词；主句表示的时间是现在，因此用would+动词原形) 2.含蓄型虚拟语气： 有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中 （1）.用but for 、without(如果没有）等来代替条件从句，如 Without electricity human life would be quite dif
39、ferent=If there were no electricity ,human life would be quite different (2) 用otherwise、or(or else),even though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。如： I lost your address.Otherwise,I would have visited you long before. =I lost your address.If I hadnt lost your address ,I would have visited you long before. (3) 虚拟条件
40、通过but暗示出来。如： He would have given you more help,but he was too busy 他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中but he was too busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件如果那时他不忙 He would lose weight,but he eats too much 他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃的太多了。也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but he eats too much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件如果他吃得不多。【精彩开场】朋友直接给对方提意见和想法的时候，
41、经常会遇到这样的说服。例如：我要是你的话就如果这么说，还不太明白的话，我们就来看个例子：这天Marry看起来有些不高兴，Steven问她怎么回事，我们来听听他们是怎么说的。Steven:Hey!Marry,whats going on with you?You look a bit down.嘿！Marry，你怎么啦？看起来不高兴。Marry:Steven,I really dont know what to do!Steven:What happend?发生什么事儿了？Mary:Remember last night after we four watched the movie,Thoma
42、s offered me a ride?On the way home,he suddenly told me that hed been thinking about a relationship between us for a long time.You know,hes a nice friend.But I dont think hes my type as boy friend.I just kept silent and smiled at him,cuz I really didnt know what to do.If you were me,what would you d
43、o in this situation?记得昨天晚上，我们四个人看完电影后，Thomas开车送我回家吗？在我家的路上，他突然告诉我，他想和我发展恋爱关系很久了，你知道，他是个很好的朋友。但是作为男朋友，他不是我喜欢的类型。所以我只是不作声，冲他笑，因为我知不知道该怎么做。如果你是我的话，这样情况你会怎么做呢？Steven:If I were you,Id tell him in a straightforward way.An intense immediate pain saves long and endless suffering.Just tell him.如果我是你的话，我就直接告诉
44、他。长痛不如短痛。告诉他。Mary:Its a bit tough.But Ill try.这很难。但是我会试一下的。怎么样？找到点感觉，啊？教科书上把它叫做“虚拟语气”，其实说得通俗一些，就是“没有发送的事情或是条件、假设”。【五句操练】第一节操练普通句If I were you,I would go.如果我是你，我就去。次级高手句If I were you,I would go together with him.如果我是你，我就和他一起去。高手句If I were you,I would go together with him to the exhibiton.如果我是你，我就和他一起
45、去那个展览。超级高手句If I were you,I would go together with him to the exhibiton，since this is a really good chance.如果我是你，我就和他一起去那个展览，因为这实在是个好机会。专家句If I were you,I would go together with him to the exhibiton，since this is a really good chance to get closer to him.如果我是你，我就和他一起去那个展览，因为这实在是个和他接近的好机会。第二节操练普通句If h
46、ad got up earlier,I would have caught the tarin.如果早点起床的话，我就已经赶上火车了。次级高手句If had got up earlier,I would have caught the tarin to Shanghai.如果早点起床的话，我就已经赶上去上海的火车了。高手句If had got up earlier,I would have caught the tarin to Shanghai this morning.如果早点起床的话，我今天早上就已经赶上去上海的火车了。超级高手句If had got up earlier,I would have caught the tarin to Shangh